The functional complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) is unparalleled in living organisms. It arises from neural crest-derived cells that migrate by the exact route, leading to the formation of a complex network of neurons and glial cells. Recent studies have shown that novel crosstalk exists between the Notch1 and Nrf2 pathways and is associated with many neurological diseases. The Notch1–Nrf2 axis may act on nervous system development, and the molecular mechanism has recently been reported. In this review, we summarize the essential structure and function of the CNS. The significance of interactions between signaling pathways and between developmental processes like proliferation, apoptosis and migration in ensuring the correct development of the CNS is also presented. We primarily focus on research concerning possible mechanism of interaction between Notch1 and Nrf2 and the functions of Notch1-Nrf2 in neurons. There may be a direct interaction between Notch1 and NRF2, which is closely related to the crosstalk that occurs between them. The significance and potential applications of the Notch1–Nrf2 axis in abnormal development of the nervous system are been highlighten. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which the Notch1–Nrf2 axis controls the apoptosis, antioxidant pathway and differentiation of neurons to modulate the development of the nervous system. This information will lead to a better understanding of Notch1–Nrf2 axis signaling pathways in the nervous system and may facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies.