Operation and organisation of ambulatory surgical activity in France remains largely undocumented. This nationwide observational prospective survey, carried out between December 2013 and December 2014, was undertaken to characterise the organisational processes of ambulatory surgery in France. Three hundred centres were randomly chosen from a list of 891 hospitals practicing ambulatory surgery, with stratification according to the type of facility (public general hospital, university hospital, private hospital) and region. An email was sent to the board of the randomly chosen facilities with an attached information letter explaining how the survey worked. Hospitals who did not reply to this email were contacted by phone. Among the 206 hospitals that answered the survey, 92 were private, 78 were public and 36 were university hospitals. Median accommodation capacities of ambulatory units were 8 beds, mostly distinct from conventional surgical ward. Patient pathways dedicated to ambulatory surgery appear as the current predominant practice. 77% of the French ambulatory units have a head nurse in charge of logistics and coordination. Several items still have to be improved, such as the adherence to modern fasting rules and the unnecessary use of stretcher to move the patient. Objective discharge score is used in 77% of ambulatory units. This survey highlights the implementation of some positive organisational parameters corresponding to common good practices recommendations. In contrast, several other recommendations are still insufficiently applied and may hamper the development of safe ambulatory surgery. This brings up new challenges for health regulatory boards, hospitals and ambulatory units managers.