The global search and commercialization of alternatives and substitutes for ozone-depleting substances - 30/10/18

Doi : 10.1016/j.crte.2018.07.010

Stephen O. Andersen ^a,^{^{1
Dr. Stephen O. Andersen was a professor and environmental activist prior to joining the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), where he was senior manager and simultaneously founding co-chair of the Montreal Protocol Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) and its Solvents Coatings and Adhesives Technical Options Committee (STOC), as well as EPA Liaison to the US Department of Defense (DoD) on Stratospheric Ozone and Climate Protection. After retirement from EPA in 2009, Stephen joined IGSD as Director of Research.}} , Nancy J. Sherman ^a,^⁎,^{^{2
Dr. Nancy J. Sherman worked for the food packaging industry in the phaseout of ODSs, then for ExxonMobil as Program Officer for environmental, safety and health contributions, including the Save The Tiger Fund, then returned to graduate school to earn a Ph.D. at University of Virginia, Charlottesville. She now works for IGSD as Director of Technology Assessment.}} , Suely Carvalho ^b,^{^{3
Dr. Suely Carvalho is a physicist and was the Director of the Montreal Protocol and Chemicals Unit at UNDP from 2002 to 2013. She headed the implementation of UNDP MLF- and GEF-funded projects in over 100 countries. Before joining UNDP in 1997, she was director of technology transfer at the São Paulo state environmental agency (CETESB), where she led the first ozone layer and climate change action plans. She spearheaded the first Montreal Protocol national plan for Brazil and was co-chair of the TEAP for 10 years. She is currently a senior adviser at the Institute Climate and Society, iCS, Brazil.}}, Marco Gonzalez ^c,^{^{4
Marco Gonzalez was the Executive Secretary of the Montreal Protocol Ozone Secretariat from 2002 until 2013 after being involved in energy and environmental issues over 20 years. He held senior positions in the Government of Costa Rica, including energy and telecommunication institutes, high technology centers, the Ministry of Environment and the National Congress, where he spearheaded the legislative ratification of the Ozone Treaties. He actively participated in the implementation of treaties at national and international levels, chaired meetings of the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, and served as Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol.}}
^a Institute of Governance & Sustainable Development (IGSD), Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA
^b Institute Climate and Society (iCS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^c Montreal Protocol Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya

^⁎Corresponding author.

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Abstract

The Montreal Protocol has halted 99% of global production of chemical substances that deplete stratospheric ozone, which protects life on earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UVB) radiation. UVB causes skin cancer and cataracts, suppresses the human immune system, destroys plastics, and damages agricultural crops and natural ecosystems. Because ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are powerful greenhouse gases, the Montreal Protocol also protects climate. From the authors’ perspectives in multiple roles as environmental entrepreneurs, practitioners, and authorities, this paper explains how individuals, companies, and military organizations researched, developed, commercialized and implemented alternatives to ODSs that are also safer for climate. With the benefit of hindsight, the authors reflect on what was neglected or done badly under the Montreal Protocol and present lessons learned on how Montreal Protocol institutions can be renewed and revitalized to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

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Keywords : Montreal Protocol, Stratospheric ozone, Climate: Kigali amendment

Plan

Timeline of scientific, corporate and environmental leadership in ODS phaseout

Individual, company, and military leadership in commercializing and implementing alternatives to ozone-depleting substances (ODSs)

Inventing, marketing, then over-marketing ODSs

The signing of the Montreal Protocol signaled business opportunities in development and marketing of alternatives and substitutes

The Montreal Protocol becomes a climate treaty

The Montreal Protocol: diplomatic and environmental success story

Opportunities to improve the success of the Montreal Protocol

Conclusion

☆

The findings of this paper were presented at the Symposium for the 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol, Foundation Del Duca, Paris, on 18 and 19 September 2017. The authors are grateful for the scholarship of Nathan Borgford-Parnell, Dr. Penelope Canan, K. Madhava Sarma, Kristen Taddonio, and Durwood Zaelke, who inspired and informed this paper. Much of the scientific history presented in this paper is elaborated in . Please refer to the PowerPoint slides for sectoral elaboration. [LINK to Paris PowerPoint: Velders_30MP_Symposium_Paris_Sept2017.pdf].

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The global search and commercialization of alternatives and substitutes for ozone-depleting substances - 30/10/18

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