La schizophrénie est une pathologie complexe dont la composante génétique est largement démontrée. Malgré une fertilité réduite, le taux de prévalence reste stable et pourrait s’expliquer par l’apparition de mutations génétiques de novo. Un âge paternel avancé est la source majeure de nouvelles mutations dans l’espèce humaine et pourrait ainsi être associé à un risque accru de développer, dans la descendance, une schizophrénie. L’âge de conception allant croissant, il est possible que la population atteinte de schizophrénie augmente également dans les années à venir. L’objectif de ce travail est de faire une revue de la littérature existante sur ce facteur de risque, d’en synthétiser les résultats et de discuter les différentes interprétations avancées. Toutes les études publiées entre 2000 et 2009 ont été sélectionnées via la Bibliothèque nationale de médecine (PubMed^® base de données). Après avoir contrôlé plusieurs facteurs confondants, il existe un lien significatif ente l’âge paternel et le risque de développer une schizophrénie. Plus l’âge paternel est élevé, plus le risque de développer une schizophrénie est important (11 études sur 13 retrouvent des odd-ratios ou des risques relatifs compris entre 1,84 et 4,62 en faveur d’une augmentation du risque chez les descendants de pères plus âgés au moment de la conception). Compte tenu de ce risque important, plusieurs axes de recherche peuvent être développés : l’identification de manière précise de l’âge à partir duquel le risque est augmenté ; l’identification des phénotypes ou endophénotypes associés à un âge paternel avancé ; les mécanismes qui pourraient expliquer cette augmentation du risque.

Schizophrenia is an aetiologically heterogeneous syndrome, with a strong genetic component. Despite a reduced fertility in this disorder, its prevalence is maintained and could be explained by de novo genetic mutations. Advanced paternal age (APA) is a major source of new mutations in human beings and could thus be associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia in offspring. New mutations related to APA have been implicated as a cause of sporadic cases in several autosomal dominant diseases and also in neurodevelopmental diseases, autism, intellectual disabilities, and social functioning. The aim of the present study was to summarize the results of studies investigating the role of APA, and to discuss some interpretations.

All relevant studies were identified through the National Library of Medicine (PubMed^® database). Keywords used for research were “age” and “schizophrenia” linked to “paternal or father”. We have identified and analysed eight cohort studies, five case-control studies, two meta-analyses, and one review concerning different father’s mutations potentially transmitted, two studies comparing paternal age at conception between sporadic versus familial cases of schizophrenia. All studies selected have been published between 2000 and 2009.

After controlling for several confounding factors including maternal age, the relative risk of schizophrenia increased from 1.84 to 4.62 in offspring of fathers with an older age of fatherhood. Mother’s age showed no significant effects after adjusting for paternal age. There was a significant association between paternal age and risk of developing schizophrenia, there was a weaker association with psychosis.

The results of these different studies are confirmed by two recent meta-analyses which found an increased risk of schizophrenia in offspring of fathers older than 35 years. Two main hypotheses could explain these results. The first one is based on the presence of new mutations in the spermatogonia, possibly because of accumulating replication errors in spermatogonial cell lines. This hypothesis is confirmed by Malaspina et al. (2002) [19Malaspina D., Corcoran C., Fahim C., et al. Paternal age and sporadic schizophrenia: evidence for de novo mutations Am J Med Genet 2002 ;  114 (3) : 299-303 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références], who found that patients without a family history of schizophrenia had significantly older fathers than probands with a positive family history of schizophrenia. However, this result has not been confirmed by other studies, and paternal age effect could be also explained by a mechanism called imprinting, which is a form of gene regulation. The second hypothesis is based on the fact that fathers with schizophrenia spectrum personality disorder, known to be genetically related to schizophrenia, could have an advanced age at conception. However, regarding this hypothesis, advanced maternal age at conception should be a risk factor for schizophrenia, and this is not the case. Thus, the first hypothesis seems more plausible than the second. APA has been identified as a risk factor for other psychiatric disorders such as autism, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobia, and thus seems to be a non-specific risk factor. Furthermore, its association with impaired neurocognitive outcomes during infancy and childhood in normal populations raises the question of the phenotype linked to APA.

APA at conception appears to be a risk factor for schizophrenia. This risk factor probably interacts with genetic factors in a gene-environment interaction. To date, there is no validated cut-off at which the risk is significantly increased in offspring. In the future, studies could benefit from analyzing the phenotype related to APA.