Spina bifida is a congenital neural tube defect that results in abnormal development of the spine and central nervous system. Infants born with this condition face a range of physical disabilities and associated complications. Although the global burden has declined in recent decades due to folic acid fortification and prenatal screening, spina bifida remains a significant public health challenge in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This research aimed to comprehensively assess the current epidemiological trends, clinical management practices, and socioeconomic impacts of spina bifida across African LMICs. Through a systematic analytical search of published literature from major medical databases covering the years 2000–2023, relevant data were extracted on the prevalence, risk factors, clinical presentations, treatment modalities, outcomes, and contextual barriers faced in preventing and caring for spina bifida in these settings. The findings were analyzed and synthesized to provide an overview of the contemporary landscape. The findings highlight the need for collaborative efforts between governments, healthcare providers, nongovernmental organizations, and international stakeholders to address the multifaceted challenges posed by spina bifida in LMICs, particularly within the African continent, and to promote equitable access to comprehensive care and support for affected individuals and their families.