Three types of C1 fracture have been described, according to location: type 1 (anterior or posterior arc), type 2 (Jefferson: anterior and posterior arc), and type 3 (lateral mass). Stability depends on transverse ligament integrity. The main aim of the present study was to analyze complications and consolidation rates according to fracture type, age and treatment.

The French Society of Spinal Surgery (SFCR) performed a multicenter prospective study on C1-C2 trauma. All patients with recent fracture diagnosed on CT were included. Consolidation on CT was studied at 3 months and 1 year. Medical, neurologic, infectious and mechanical complications were inventoried using the KEOPS data-base.

Sixty-three of the 417 patients (15.1%) had C1 fracture: type 1 (33.3%), type 2 (38.1%), or type 3 (28.6%). The transverse ligament was intact in 53.9% of cases. Treatment was non-operative in 63.5% of cases, surgical in 27.0%, and surgical after failure of non-operative treatment in 9.5%. There were 8 medical complications, more frequently in patients aged >70 years, following surgery (p<0.0001). The consolidation rate was 84.2% with non-operative treatment, 100% for primary surgery, and 33.3% for secondary surgery (p=0.002). There were 10 cases of non-union, in 4.8% of type 1, 13.6% of type 2 and 33.3% of type 3 fractures (p=0.001).

Medical complications showed association with age and with type of treatment. Non-operative treatment was suited to types 1, 2 and 3 with minimal displacement and intact transverse ligament. C1-C2 fusion was suited to displaced unstable type 2 fracture. Displaced type 3 fracture incurred risk of non-union. Early surgery may be recommended.

III.