Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K regulates macrophage function through inhibition of ?-arrestin2 - 09/06/19
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Highlights |
• | C–K effectively improves the outcomes of CIA mice through restoring the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages. |
• | C–K promotes TLR4-Gαs coupling and inhibits TLR4-Gαi in macrophages. |
• | The biased TLR4 signaling is conducted by the downregulation of β-arrestin2 in macrophages in response to C–K treatment. |
Abstract |
Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K (C–K), which is an active metabolite of ginsenoside in vivo, can produce anti-inflammatory affects by activating glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) to inhibit the expression of β-arrestin2. Studies have shown that C–K can inhibit the function of immune cells including macrophage polarization and phagocytosis. However, the mechanism by which C–K regulates macrophage polarization is currently unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors on the membrane of immune cells, with TLR4 being especially important in polarization of macrophages. The Gαi-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by TLR4 promotes inflammation and phagocytosis in macrophages by increasing the proportion of type I phenotypic macrophages (M1). Whether C–K inhibits the signal transduction of TLR4-Gαi-NF-κB and how that effects macrophage polarization regulation in murine models of RA is not reported. The coupling of G proteins with receptors is regulated by β-arrestin2, but it has been unclear whether C–K modulates the TLR4 interaction with G proteins by inhibiting the expression of β-arrestin2. To explore these questions, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was employed, and mice were treated with C–K (112 mg/kg/day). The results depict that C–K treatment inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and reduces the proportion of M1. C–K decreases the overexpressed β-arrestin2, Gαi, TLR4 and NF-κB in macrophages of CIA mice, while increasing the expression of Gαs. Furthermore, C–K promotes TLR4-Gαs coupling and inhibits TLR4-Gαi coupling through β-arrestin2 regulation in macrophages, leading to a decrease in the proportion of M1 to M2 macrophages and improved outcomes in CIA mice.
Le texte complet de cet article est disponible en PDF.Keywords : Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K(C-K), Macrophage, β-arrestin2, Toll-Like receptor 4 (TLR4)
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