Background: Endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a reliable technique providing high diagnostic yield in mediastinal lymphadenopathy. However, mediastinoscopy is sometimes necessary to eliminate false-negative results. Elastography is a recent technique that can be combined with EBUS to evaluate the elasticity and consequently the nature of a tissue. The primary objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of EBUS-TBNA combined with elastography for the assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes.

Methods. Single-center, prospective study in patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy. EBUS-TBNA combined with elastography was performed in each patient. Several elastographic parameters were studied: colorimetric score, average elasticity, elasticity ratio, percentage of hard areas. The final diagnosis was that obtained by TBNA cytology, histology of a surgical biopsy, when performed, or follow-up CT and PET-CT at 6 months.

Results. Overall, 110 lymph nodes were examined in 87 patients: 44 were malignant according to TBNA. These nodes had significantly higher elasticity ratio, percentage of hard areas and colorimetric score and significantly lower average elasticity compared to benign nodes (p<0.001). With a negative predictive value of 100%, the cut-offs defined by receiver operating characteristic curves were 1.4 for elasticity ratio, 84.8 for average elasticity, 32.6 for percentage of hard areas and 3 for colorimetric score. No adverse events were observed.

Conclusion. Endobronchial ultrasound elastography is a non-invasive technique that can contribute to prediction of the nature of lymph nodes by distinguishing malignant from benign nodes. Although EBUS cannot replace histological examination, elastography can provide reliable complementary information when combined with EBUS.