Metazoans rely on the regulated translation of select maternal mRNAs to control oocyte maturation and the initial stages of embryogenesis. These transcripts usually remain silent until their translation is temporally and spatially required during early development. Different translational regulatory mechanisms, varying from cytoplasmic polyadenylation to localization of maternal mRNAs, have evolved to assure coordinated initiation of development. A common feature of these mechanisms is that they share a few key trans-acting factors. Increasing evidence suggest that ubiquitous conserved mRNA-binding factors, including the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB), interact with cell-specific molecules to accomplish the correct level of translational activity necessary for normal development. Here we review how capping and polyadenylation of mRNAs modulate interaction with multiple regulatory factors, thus controlling translation during oogenesis and early development. To cite this article: F. Piccioni et al., C. R. Biologies 328 (2005).