Since the publication of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 99-16 and TAX 327 studies, which demonstrated a survival benefit for docetaxel-based therapy, clinicians for the first time have a therapy to offer men with metastatic prostate cancer that is not merely palliative in its effects. Phase 2 and phase 3 trials are now building on the findings of SWOG 99-16 and TAX 327 by evaluating the potential of combination taxane-based therapies, such as docetaxel plus high-dose calcitriol, docetaxel-estramustine-bevacizumab, and docetaxel-thalidomide. The optimal timing of docetaxel-based chemotherapy is still unknown, as there are no prospective clinical trial data to indicate whether earlier treatment (eg, at the time of prostate-specific antigen failure) is more or less effective than later treatment (eg, in metastatic and/or symptomatic disease).