Depuis une dizaine d'années, on assiste en Europe à un développement du phénomène « ecstasy », qui symbolise l'avènement des drogues « récréatives » au sens large. Derrière ce terme se cachent plusieurs produits partageant à peu près les mêmes effets : le plus répandu et donc le plus connu est la 3,4-méthylènedioxyméthamphétamine ou MDMA, mais on trouve également la MDA, la MDEA, la MBDB ou encore la 2-CB ou Nexus. Les conséquences psychopathologiques de la MDMA chez l'homme sont relativement mal connues. Sur la base d'une série de cas rapportés dans la littérature, on trouve ainsi des psychoses aiguës, des psychoses chroniques évoquant un délire paranoïaque, des phénomènes de flash-back analogues au LSD, des états de panique anxieuse et des troubles dépressifs de l'humeur. Le cas que nous rapportons est celui d'un épisode psychotique aigu, comportant une symptomatologie résiduelle à 6 mois, de survenue brutale dans les suites d'une absorption de toxiques (alcool et ecstasy), au moins 12 heures après la prise à son insu, chez un sujet sans autre antécédent psychopathologique qu'un trouble anxieux d'intensité modérée. Douze cas d'épisodes psychotiques aigus après ecstasy sont rapportés dans la littérature : deux surviennent après une prise unique et un après deux prises. Aucun auteur n'a pu explorer avec précision le parcours antérieur des sujets, ni d'éventuels antécédents psychopathologiques. Notre sujet ne présentait aucun antécédent psychotique en utilisant un entretien standardisé et validé, ce que confirmaient ses pairs et sa famille ; il présentait cependant les critères d'une « phobie sociale ». Rétrospectivement, on note que l'importance de sa désinhibition psychomotrice sous ecstasy semblait proportionnelle à l'intensité des inhibitions sociales antérieures. Ce point n'explique pas le moment psychotique. Néanmoins, si le profil de personnalité participe à la rencontre du produit et probablement à la qualité des effets psychotropes ressentis, un ensemble d'arguments plaide en faveur de l'éclosion de troubles psychotiques de novo , possiblement en relation avec une toxicité directe de la MDMA et/ou de ses métabolites sur les neurones sérotoninergiques.

Over the last 10 years or so in Europe, there has been a development of the « ecstasy » phenomenon, which is the symbol of « recreational » drugs in general. Users, either alone or in private parties, are on the increase. The phenomenon is most frequent in England and in the Netherlands, with an estimated incidence of 13-18 % amongst the 18-25 years old, which may reach 52 % in « exposed populations », such as individuals who go to « techno » night clubs. In France, the prevalence is uncertain, but estimated at least 5 % of males between 18 and 23 years old. Several substance, with more or less the same effects, are grouped together by the term « ecstasy », the best-known one being 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), but there are also an N-demethylated derivative (MDA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine(MDEA), N-methyl-benzodioxazo-lylbutanamine (MBDB) and 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (2-CB or Nexus). The psychopathological consequences of MDMA in man are relatively poorly understood. On the basis of series of cases reported in the literature, acute psychosis, chronic psychosis similar to paranoid delusions, flash-back phenomena similar to with LSD, an-xiety/panic states and depressive mood disorders may occur. The case which we report is therefore that of an acute psychotic episode, with residual symptomatology 6 months later, which occurred suddenly following absorption of toxic substances (alcohol and ecstasy), at least 12 hours after taking the ecstasy tablet without his knowing it, in an individual without any previous psychopathology, other than moderate social phobia. Twelve cases of acute psychotic episodes after ecstasy have been reported in the literature. Two of them occurred after a single dose and one after 2 doses. No author was able to examined the previous history of the individuals accurately, nor any possible psychopathological history. Our patient did not have any previous history of psychosis, using a standardized validated interview, which his peers and family confirmed. He did however fulfil the criteria of « social phobia ». Retrospectively, we noted the extent of his psychomotor disinhibition with ecstasy, which seemed to be proportional to the intensity of his previous social inhibition. This point does not explain the psychotic episode. From a neurobiologic point of view, acute psychotic disorders are often related to dysfunction of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. During the first 3 hours, the effect of absorption of MDMA is a massive release of the serotonin, dopamine and nora-drenaline stocks. Later, an acute hyposerotoninergic state is present. In our observation, the psychotic disorder appeared at least 12 hours after taking ecstasy, during the reduction phase of the intoxication. Toxicological analysis of the blood was negative (this detection is only positive for 24 hours). Like other authors, our hypothesis is that serotoninergic dysre-gulation affects the dopaminergic system. Sudden disappearance of serotoninergic feedback on the dopaminergic pathways, may contribute to an increase in the mesolimbic hyperdopaminergic state. In animals, it has been shown that serotonin depletion induced by MDMA, unmasks the effects of a hyperdopaminergic state. In addition, although it has not been mentioned much in the literature, MDMA disturbs dopaminergic function either directly, or through the peptidergic systems (neurotensin, substance P, dynorphines). A consistent series of arguments therefore suggest that there is a sudden central hyperdopaminergic state, which may be related to the appearance, sometimes de novo, of an acute psychotic disorder. From the published cases, psychotic di-sorders following absorption of ecstasy, appear to become chronic. Most of the cases occurred in individuals, who either abused multiple substances or were chronic ecstasy users. In a case like the one we report, in an individual with good general health, who is not a drug user and who has an acute episode following a single dose, the prognosis should be good. Similarly, a team from Milan has described the experience of 3 friends who had a brief psychotic episode, following ingestion of substances containing ecstasy. These episodes resolved completely, after rehydration and anxiolytic treatment. However, after 6 months' follow-up, our patient still has psychotic symptoms, albeit mild, but which were not present before the intoxication. The patient and his psychiatrist do not envisage changing or stopping his antipsychotic treatment. Other authors have described a lesion in the serotoninergic neurons, by making a parallel with toxic effects described in animals, in particular in primates, with MDMA. Degradation of the serotoninergic cell bodies and nerve endings has been suggested to occur with high doses and/or repeated doses of MDMA. Other authors show the large varia-tions in MDMA and MDA metabolism. The genetically determined « slow metabolizers » may therefore be particularly vulnerable to this type of toxicity, even after a single dose. The context of psychotic episodes with ecstasy still needs further study, in order to improve knowledge about the premorbid state, and in particular about the personality profile. Ne-vertheless, although these factors may play a role in the first dose of the drug being taken and probably in the type of the psychotropic effects felt, many arguments are in favor of the appearance of psychotic disorders de novo, possibly due to direct toxicity of MDMA and/or its metabolites on the serotoninergic neurons. Biological vulnerability factors may be involved.