Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections : Nematodes - 12/11/15

Doi : 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.034

Omar Lupi, MD, PhD ^a, Christopher Downing, MD ^j,^⁎ , Michael Lee, MD ^m, Livia Pino, MD ^a, Francisco Bravo, MD ^c,^d, Patricia Giglio, MD ^d, Aisha Sethi, MD ^e, Sidney Klaus, MD ^f, Omar P. Sangueza, MD ^g,^h, Claire Fuller, MD ⁱ, Natalia Mendoza, MD ^j, Barry Ladizinski, MD ^k, Laila Woc-Colburn, MD ^l, Stephen K. Tyring, MD, PhD ^b,^j
^a Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil
^b Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas
^c Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru
^d Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
^e Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
^f Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire
^g Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
^h Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
ⁱ International Foundation for Dermatology and Consultant, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
^j Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
^k Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
^l National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
^m Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

^∗Correspondence to: Christopher Downing, MD, 6655 Travis Street, Suite 600, Houston, TX 77030.

Abstract

In the 21st century, despite increased globalization through international travel for business, medical volunteerism, pleasure, and immigration/refugees into the United States, there is little published in the dermatology literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections. Approximately 17% of travelers seek medical care because of cutaneous disorders, many related to infectious etiologies. This review will focus on the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections and is divided into 2 parts: part I focuses on nematode infections, and part II focuses on trematode and cestode infections. This review highlights the clinical manifestations, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of helminth infections. Nematodes are roundworms that cause diseases with cutaneous manifestations, such as cutaneous larval migrans, onchocerciasis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, loiasis, dracunculiasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, streptocerciasis, dirofilariasis, and trichinosis. Tremadotes, also known as flukes, cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and fascioliasis. Cestodes (tapeworms) are flat, hermaphroditic parasites that cause diseases such as sparganosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcus.

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Key words : helminth, nematodes, parasite, travel, tropical