Objectives. To treat concurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and renal artery disease (RAD), which pose an unusual and challenging management dilemma.

Methods. Before June 1998, 48 patients presented with localized RCC and RAD affecting all the functioning renal parenchyma. These patients were grouped into four distinct categories: group 1, a solitary kidney with RCC and RAD (n = 8); group 2, bilateral RCC and coexistent RAD (n = 9); group 3, unilateral RCC and contralateral RAD (n = 15); and group 4, unilateral RCC and bilateral RAD (n = 16). The most common cause of RAD was atherosclerosis (n = 40), followed by medial fibroplasia (n = 5), renal artery aneurysm (n = 2), and arteriovenous malformation (n = 1).

Results. All patients underwent complete surgical excision of RCC. A nephron-sparing operation was performed preferentially (44 patients), and bilateral renal cancer operations were staged. Eleven patients underwent surgical renal vascular reconstruction in conjunction with either partial (n = 9) or radical (n = 2) nephrectomy. In 2 patients, renal revascularization was accomplished by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty before tumor excision. No perioperative deaths occurred. Postoperatively, preservation of renal function was achieved in 47 patients; 1 patient required chronic dialysis. The overall and cancer-specific 5-year patient survival rates in this series were 66% and 90%, respectively. At a mean follow-up of 58 months, 28 patients were alive with no evidence of malignancy. Six patients died of metastatic RCC, and 14 died of unrelated causes with no evidence of malignancy.

Conclusions. Nephron-sparing surgery combined with selective renal arterial reconstruction can yield gratifying results in this complex patient population.