Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) - 23/09/15

Doi : 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.005

Wanalee Klomjai ^a, Rose Katz ^b,^c, Alexandra Lackmy-Vallée ^b,^⁎
^a Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 73170 Nakonpathom, Thailand
^b UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Inserm, laboratoire d’imagerie biomédicale, Sorbonne universités, 75013 Paris, France
^c Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP–HP, France

^⁎Corresponding author. ER6 UPMC University Paris 6, Service MPR, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France. Tel.: +33 1 42 16 11 00; fax: +33 1 42 16 11 02.ER6 UPMC University Paris 6, Service MPR, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France. Tel.: +33 1 42 16 11 00; fax: +33 1 42 16 11 02.

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Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) are indirect and non-invasive methods used to induce excitability changes in the motor cortex via a wire coil generating a magnetic field that passes through the scalp. Today, TMS has become a key method to investigate brain functioning in humans. Moreover, because rTMS can lead to long-lasting after-effects in the brain, it is thought to be able to induce plasticity. This tool appears to be a potential therapy for neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the effects induced by TMS and rTMS have not yet been clearly identified. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the main knowledge available for TMS and rTMS to allow for understanding their mode of action and to specify the different parameters that influence their effects. This review takes an inventory of the most-used rTMS paradigms in clinical research and exhibits the hypotheses commonly assumed to explain rTMS after-effects.

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Keywords : Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), Human, Cortex