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Actividades acuáticas con fines terapéuticos - 13/11/18

[26-140-A-12] - Doi : 10.1016/S1293-2965(18)41438-7

E. Watelain ^a : Maître de conférences, R. Sultana ^b : Cadre kinésithérapeute, maître-nageur sauveteur, A. Faupin ^c : Maître de conférences, J.M. Vallier, Professeur des Universités en STAPS, docteur en médecine ^c, G. Kemoun ^d : Professeur des Universités, praticien hospitalier, chef de service
^a HDR et BEESAN, LAMIH UMR CNRS/UVHC 8201, Faculté des sciences et des métiers du sport, Université de Valenciennes, 59313 Valenciennes cedex 9, France
^b Institut de rééducation fonctionnelle Pomponiana Olbia, route de l'Almanarre, 83407 Hyères, France
^c LAMHESS EA 6312, UFR STAPS, Université de Toulon, avenue de l'Université, Bâtiment K, 83130 La Garde, France
^d Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, CHU de Poitiers, Pavillon Maurice-Salles, rue de la Milétrie, BP 577, 86021 Poitiers cedex, France

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Resumen

Debido a sus propiedades intrínsecas, el agua es un entorno privilegiado para la rehabilitación. Sin embargo, para aprovecharla al máximo, el terapeuta debe conocer todos los parámetros relacionados con la hidroterapia, ya sea la física de los fluidos, el acondicionamiento de las piscinas, los efectos fisiológicos de la inmersión o las técnicas y el volumen de trabajo recomendado para cada deficiencia. El diseño y el acondicionamiento de las instalaciones y las piscinas también deben recibir mucha atención como parte de una política de prevención, gestión de los riesgos de accidentes y de control físico, bacteriológico y químico del agua. Las actividades acuáticas con fines terapéuticos (AAFT) conducen a beneficios en el contexto del tratamiento de un número creciente de patologías, sobre todo en reumatología, geriatría, ortopedia o cardiología. De manera más general, también son un medio privilegiado de prevención y mantenimiento físico.

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Palabras clave : Balneoterapia, Gimnasia acuática, Actividades físicas acuáticas adaptadas, Kinebalneoterapia, Natación terapéutica

Esquema

Indicaciones de las actividades acuáticas con fines terapéuticos (AAFT) y contraindicaciones

Indicaciones ^{[Duffield M.H. Exercise in water London: Baillère Tindall (1983). 202p.

, Campion-Reid M. Hydrotherapy in paediatrics Oxford: Heinemann (1991). 256p.

, Becker B. The biologic aspects of hydrotherapy J Back Musculoskel Rehabil 1994 ; 4 : 255-264

, Cassady S.L., Nielsen D.H. Cardiorespiratory responses of healthy subjects to calisthenics performed on land versus in water Phys Ther 1992 ; 72 : 532-538

, Eyestone E.D., Fellingham G., George J., Garth Fischer A. Effect of water running and cycling on maximum oxygen consumption and 2-mile run performance Am J Sports Med 1993 ; 21 : 41-43

, Franchimont F., Juchmes J., Lecomte J. Hydrotherapy, mechanisms and indications Pharmacol Ther 1983 ; 20 : 79-84

, Goldby L.J., Scott D.L. The way forward for hydrotherapy Br J Rheumatol 1993 ; 32 : 771-773

, Green J.H., Cable N.T., Elms N. Heart rate and oxygen consumption during walking on land and in deep water J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1990 ; 30 : 49-52

, Hall J., Bisson D., O'Hare P. The physiology of immersion Physiotherapy 1990 ; 76 : 517-521

, McMurray R.G., Katz V.L., Berry M.J., Cefalo R.C. Cardiovascular responses of pregnant women during aerobic exercise in water: a longitudinal study Int J Sports Med 1988 ; 9 : 443-447

, Melton-Rogers S., Hunter G., Walter J., Harrison P. Cardiorespiratory responses of patients with rheumatoid arthritis during bicycle riding and running in water Phys Ther 1996 ; 76 : 1058-1065

, Vial D., Goueffic A. La kinébalnéothérapie et l'hydrothérapie Kinesither Scient 1988 ; 267-268 : 25-39

, Vico L., Collet P., Guignandon A., Lafage-Proust M.H., Thomas T., Rehailia M., y al. Effects of long-term microgravity exposure on cancellous and cortical weight-bearing bones of cosmonauts Lancet 2000 ; 355 : 1607-1611

, Clément G. The maintenance of physiological function in humans during spaceflight Int Sport Med J 2005 ; 6 : 185-198

, Sultana R., Heurley G., Choplin A. Nages de salon : les bienfaits de la natation sans eau Kinesitherapie 2006 ; 51 : 13-19

]}

Contraindicaciones ^{[

, Campion-Reid M. Hydrotherapy in paediatrics  Oxford: Heinemann (1991). 256p.

, Campion-Reid M. Adult hydrotherapy: a practical approach  Oxford: Heinemann (1997). 357p.

, Bolton E., Goodwin D. An introduction to pool exercices  London: Churchill Livingstone (1956). 48p.

, Berger J.R., Sheremata W.A. Persistent neurological deficit precipitated by hot bath test in multiple sclerosis JAMA 1983 ; 249 : 1751-1753

, Moschetti M., Cole A. Aquatics: risks management strategies for the therapy pool J Back Musculoskel Rehabil 1994 ; 4 : 265-272

, Rabourdin J.P., Forin V., Ribeyre J.P. La rééducation en piscine des fractures trochantériennes du sujet âgé Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
85-91

, Revel M., Maydoux-Benhamou M.A., Medicis P. Les contre-indications de l'hydrokinésithérapie Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
12-16

, Kemp A.M., Sibert J.R. Epilepsy in children and the risk of drowning Arch Dis Child 1993 ; 68 : 684-685

]}

Intervención y diversos enfoques ^{[Drouot M.H., Jumentier B., Wahl C., Thevenon A. Intérêt de la gymnastique en piscine dans le traitement de l'ostéoporose Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
254-259

, Edlich R.F., Abidin M.R., Becker D.G., Pavlovich L.J., Dang M.T. Design of hydrotherapy exercise pools J Burn Care Rehabil 1988 ; 9 : 505-509

, Pangaud J.P., Clech G., Raynaud J., Bresse J. Milieu marin et kinébalnéothérapie Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
163-167

, Talman C. Kinébalnéothérapie et ostéoporose : protocole pour une rééducation de groupe en piscine [mémoire IESCA]. Montignies sur Sambre, Belgique; 1994. 192p.

]}

Modalidad de intervención

Distintos enfoques terapéuticos

Prácticas actuales y síntesis ^{[Butts N.K., Tucker M., Greening C. Physiologic responses to maximal treadmill and deep water running in men and women Am J Sports Med 1991 ; 19 : 612-614

, Brown S.P., Chitwood L.F., Beason K.R., McLemore D.R. Perceptual responses to deep water running and treadmill exercise Percept Mot Skills 1996 ; 83 : 131-139

, Frangolias D.D., Rhodes E.C. Maximal and ventilator threshold responses to treadmill and water immersion running Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995 ; 27 : 1007-1013

, Frangolias D.D., Rhodes E.C., Taunton J.E., Belcastro A.N., Coutts K.D. Metabolic responses to prolonged work during treadmill and water immersion running J Sci Med Sport 2000 ; 3 : 476-492

, Gleim G.W., Nicholas J.A. Metabolic costs and heart rate responses to treadmill walking in water at different depths and temperatures Am J Sports Med 1989 ; 17 : 248-252

, Yamaji K., Greenley M., Northey D.R., Hughson R.L. Oxygen uptake and heart rate responses to treadmill and water running Can J Sport Sci 1990 ; 15 : 96-98

, Schram B., Hing W., Climstein M. Profiling the sport of stand-up paddle boarding J Sports Sci 2015 ; 20 : 1-8

, Schram B., Hing W., Climstein M. Laboratory and field based assessment of maximal aerobic power of elite SUP Athletes Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016 ; 11 : 28-32

, Pinto S.S., Brasil R.M., Alberton C.L., Ferreira H.K., Bagatini N.C., Calatayud J., y al. Non-invasive determination of the anaerobic threshold based on the heart rate deflection point in water cycling J Strength Cond Res 2016 ; 30 : 518-524

, Boidina M., Lapierrea G., Paquette Tanira L., Nigama A., Juneaua M., Guilbeaulta V., y al. Effect of aquatic interval training with Mediterranean diet counseling in obese patients: results of a preliminary study Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2015 ; 58 : 269-275

, Pöyhönen T., Keskinen K.L., Kyröläinen H., Hautala A., Savolainen J., Mälkiä E. Neuromuscular function during therapeutic knee exercise under water and on dry land Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001 ; 82 : 1446-1452

, Valtonen A., Pöyhönen T., Sipilä S., Heinonen A. Effects of aquatic resistance training on mobility limitation and lower-limb impairments after knee replacement Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010 ; 91 : 833-839

, Ruessa C., Kristenc K.H., Eckelta M., Mallya F., Litzenbergera S., Sabo A. Stand up paddle surfing-An aerobic workout and balance training Proc Engineer 2013 ; 60 : 62-66

, Ruess C., Kristen K.H., Eckelt M., Mally F., Litzenberger S., Sabo A. Activity of trunk and leg muscles during stand up paddle surfing Proc Engineer 2013 ; 60 : 57-61

, Schram B., Hing W., Climstein M. The physiological, musculoskeletal and psychological effects of stand up paddle boarding Physiotherapy 2015 ; 101 (Suppl. 1) : e1351-e1352

]}

Contribuciones más específicas para algunos grupos de patologías

Reumatología ^{[

, Campion-Reid M. Adult hydrotherapy: a practical approach  Oxford: Heinemann (1997). 357p.

, Bolton E., Goodwin D. An introduction to pool exercices  London: Churchill Livingstone (1956). 48p.

, Becker B.E. Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications PMR 2009 ; 1 : 859-872

, Esnault M. Rééducation dans l'eau, étirements et renforcement musculaire du tronc et des membres  Paris: Édition Masson (1991). 124p.

, Davis B.C., Harrison R.A. Hydrotherapy in practice  London: Churchill Livingstone (1988). 192p.

, Lebaz B. Aquabuilding  Paris: Chiron (1988). 135p.

, Lebaz B. Aquastretching (tome 1)  Paris: Chiron (1989). 126p.

, Mannerkorpi K., Ahlmen M., Ekdahl C. Six- and 24-month follow-up of pool exercise therapy and education for patients with fibromyalgia Scand J Rheumatol 2002 ; 31 : 306-310

, Meyer C.L., Hawley D.J. Characteristics of patients in water exercise programs compared to patients seen in a rheumatic disease clinic Arthritis Care Res 1994 ; 7 : 85-89

, Revel M., Mayoux-Benhamou M.A. Balnéothérapie des affections rhumatologiques des membres inférieurs Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
79-85

, Simmons V., Hansen P.D. Effectiveness of water exercise on postural mobility in the well elderly: an experimental study on balance enhancement J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996 ; 51 : M233-M238

, Vaillant J. Rééducation cervicale en piscine Kinesither Scient 1993 ; 321 : 5-8

, Ablin J.N., Häuser W., Buskila D. Spa treatment (balneotherapy) for fibromyalgia-a qualitative-narrative review and a historical perspective Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2013 ; 2013 : 638050

, Lund H., Weile U., Christensen R., Rostock B., Downey A., Bartels E.M., y al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis J Rehabil Med 2008 ; 40 : 137-144

, Billuart F., Mitton D., Skalli W., Gagey O. Biomécanique du muscle deltoïde Kinesither Scient 2003 ; 437 : 14-20

, Choplin A., Sultana R., Rubino T., Balladur D. Respiration abdominale inversée : intérêt dans les lombalgies, sciatiques et rachialgies, et dans les manutentions de charges Kinesither Scient 2006 ; 472 : 7-13

, Halliday M.H., Ferreira P.H., Hancock M.J., Clare H.A. A randomized controlled trial comparing McKenzie therapy and motor control exercises on the recruitment of trunk muscles in people with chronic low back pain: a trial protocol Physiotherapy 2015 ; 101 : 232-238

, Guillot X., Tordi N., Mourot L., Demougeot C., Dugué B., Prati C., y al. Cryotherapy in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic review Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014 ; 10 : 281-294

, Dundar U., Solak O., Toktas H., Demirdal U.S., Subasi V., Kavuncu V., y al. Effect of aquatic exercise on ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial Rheumatol Inf 2014 ; 34 : 1505-1511

, Lessard-Jean L. L'hydrothérapie appliquée à une clientèle souffrant d'arthrose du membre inférieur L'hydrothérapie : une approche globale de traitement en physiothérapie. Travail aux cycles supérieurs Papyrus: Dépôt institutionnel numérique, Université de Montréal, Maîtrise/Master's, physiothérapie (2012).

, Laplante-Dieumegarde Y. L'hydrothérapie chez la clientèle souffrant de lombalgie chronique, une approche active L'hydrothérapie : une approche globale de traitement en physiothérapie. Travail aux cycles supérieurs Papyrus: Dépôt institutionnel numérique, Université de Montréal, Maîtrise/Master's, physiothérapie (2012).
11-26

]}

Neurología ^{[Campion-Reid M. Hydrotherapy in paediatrics  Oxford: Heinemann (1991). 256p.

, Davis B.C., Harrison R.A. Hydrotherapy in practice  London: Churchill Livingstone (1988). 192p.

, Coyle P.K. Clinical and immunological effects of cooling in multiple sclerosis Neurorehab Neural Repair 1996 ; 10 : 9-15

, White A.T., Wilson T.E., Davis S.L., Petajan J.H. Effect of precooling on physical performance in multiple sclerosis Mult Scler 2000 ; 6 : 176-180

, Sultana R., Bardot P., Lebrun C. Cryothérapie et sclérose en plaques Neurologie 2015 ; 18 : 108-112

, Sultana R, Mesure S, Ledafniet V, Bardot P, Heurley G, Crucy M. Sclérose en plaques et kinésithérapie. EMC (Elsevier Masson SAS, Paris), Kinésithérapie - Rééducation Fonctionnelle, 26-431-A-20, 2010.

, Coyle P.K., Krupp L.B., Doscher C., Deng Z., Milazzo A. Clinical and immunological effects of cooling in multiple sclerosis Neurorehabil Neural Repair 1996 ; 10 : 9-15

, Plecash A.R., Leavitt B.R. Aquatherapy for neurodegenerative disorders J Huntingtons Dis 2014 ; 3 : 5-11

, Marinho-Buzelli A.R., Bonnyman A.M., Verrier M.C. The effects of aquatic therapy on mobility of individuals with neurological diseases: a systematic review Clin Rehabil 2015 ; 29 : 741-751

, Pialoux B., Loiseau M.N., Morvan M., Louvigne Y. La balnéothérapie dans la pathologie neurologique de l'enfant Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
126-132

, Bouffard-Vercelli M., Pelissier J. Hydrokinésithérapie et rééducation neurologique Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
117-126

, Morris D. Aquatic rehabilitation for the treatment of neurological disorders J Back Musculoskel Rehabil 1994 ; 4 : 297-308

, Robinson I., Clifford Rose F. Multiple sclerosis at your fingertips. The medically accurate  London: Class publishing (2003). 263p.

, Mehrholz J., Kugler J., Pohl M. Water-based exercises for improving activities of daily living after stroke Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 ; CD008186

, Zamparo P., Pagliaro P. The energy cost of level walking before and after hydro-kinesitherapy in patients with spastic paresis Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998 ; 8 : 222-228

, Furnari A., Calabrò R.S., Gervasi G., La Fauci-Belponer F., Marzo A., Berbiglia F., y al. Is hydrokinesitherapy effective on gait and balance in patients with stroke?. A clinical and baropodometric investigation Brain Inj 2014 ; 28 : 1109-1114

]}

Ortopedia y traumatología ^{[Campion-Reid M. Adult hydrotherapy: a practical approach  Oxford: Heinemann (1997). 357p.

, Bolton E., Goodwin D. An introduction to pool exercices  London: Churchill Livingstone (1956). 48p.

, Drouot M.H., Jumentier B., Wahl C., Thevenon A. Intérêt de la gymnastique en piscine dans le traitement de l'ostéoporose Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
254-259

, Becker B.E. Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications PMR 2009 ; 1 : 859-872

, Esnault M. Rééducation dans l'eau, étirements et renforcement musculaire du tronc et des membres  Paris: Édition Masson (1991). 124p.

, Lebaz B. Aquabuilding  Paris: Chiron (1988). 135p.

, Lebaz B. Aquastretching (tome 1)  Paris: Chiron (1989). 126p.

, Lemort N., Inial J.F., Pouchelle M., Audo T., Le Saux N., Chatrenet Y. Balnéothérapie appliquée à la rééducation en traumatologie-orthopédie Kinesither Rev 2007 ; 70 : 37-39

, Brady B., Redfern J., MacDougal G., Williams J. The addition of aquatic therapy to rehabilitation following surgical rotator cuff repair: a feasibility study Physiother Res Int 2008 ; 13 : 153-161

, Rahmann A.E., Brauer S.G., Nitz J.C. A specific inpatient aquatic physiotherapy program improves strength after total hip or knee replacement surgery: a randomized controlled trial Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009 ; 90 : 745-755

, Valtonen A., Pöyhönen T., Sipilä S., Heinonen A. Maintenance of aquatic training-induced benefits on mobility and lower-extremity muscles among persons with unilateral knee replacement Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011 ; 92 : 1944-1950

]}

Pediatría ^{[Campion-Reid M. Hydrotherapy in paediatrics  Oxford: Heinemann (1991). 256p.

, Pialoux B., Loiseau M.N., Morvan M., Louvigne Y. La balnéothérapie dans la pathologie neurologique de l'enfant Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
126-132

, Potel C. Le corps et l'eau. Une médiation en psychomotricité  : Édition ERES, collection « Santé mentale » (2009). 176p.

, Amoros E., Tzvetkovitch A. La médiation corporelle par l'eau auprès d'enfants autistes Soins Pediatr Puer 2014 ; 276 : 29-30

, Vadepied A. Laisser l'eau faire  Paris: Éditions du Scarabée (1976). 181p.

, Lai C.J., Liu W.Y., Yang T.F., Chen C.L., Wu C.Y., Chan R.C. Pediatric aquatic therapy on motor function and enjoyment in children diagnosed with cerebral palsy of various motor severities J Child Neurol 2015 ; 30 : 200-208

]}

Miopatía ^{[Rideau Y. Rééducation des dystrophies musculaires progressives (myopathie). EMC (Elsevier Masson SAS, Paris), Kinésithérapie - Rééducation fonctionnelle, 26-475-A-10, 1976.

, Rideau Y. Traitement de la myopathie de Duchenne par physiothérapie précoce Arch Fr Pediatr 1985 ; 42 : 17-21

, Beverley P.A., Frank M.L. Exercise therapy in patients with myopathy Curr Opin Neurol 2000 ; 13 : 547-552

, Fernandez C, Halbert C, Maues de Paula A, Figarella-Branger D, Chabrol B, Pellissier JF. Dystrophies musculaires liées au gène DMD : myopathie de Duchenne, myopathie de Becker, formes féminine et atypiques. EMC (Elsevier Masson SAS, Paris), Neurologie, 17-175-B-10, 2010.

]}

Patologías cardiopulmonares ^{[Becker B. The biologic aspects of hydrotherapy J Back Musculoskel Rehabil 1994 ; 4 : 255-264

, Cassady S.L., Nielsen D.H. Cardiorespiratory responses of healthy subjects to calisthenics performed on land versus in water Phys Ther 1992 ; 72 : 532-538

, Eyestone E.D., Fellingham G., George J., Garth Fischer A. Effect of water running and cycling on maximum oxygen consumption and 2-mile run performance Am J Sports Med 1993 ; 21 : 41-43

, Green J.H., Cable N.T., Elms N. Heart rate and oxygen consumption during walking on land and in deep water J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1990 ; 30 : 49-52

, Moschetti M., Cole A. Aquatics: risks management strategies for the therapy pool J Back Musculoskel Rehabil 1994 ; 4 : 265-272

, Becker B.E. Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications PMR 2009 ; 1 : 859-872

, Hall J., Grant J., Blake D., Taylor G., Garbutt G. Cardiorespiratory responses to aquatic treadmill walking in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Physiother Res Int 2004 ; 9 : 59-73

, Cider A., Schaufelberger M., Sunnerhagen K.S., Andersson B. Hydrotherapy - a new approach to improve function in the older patient with chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 2003 ; 5 : 527-535

, Fernhall B., Manfredi T.G., Congdon K. Prescribing water-based exercise from treadmill an arm ergometry in cardiac patients Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992 ; 24 : 139-143

, Michalsen A., Ludtke R., Buhring M., Spahn G., Langhorst J., Dobos G.J. Thermal hydrotherapy improves quality of life and hemodynamic function in patients with chronic heart failure Am Heart J 2003 ; 146 : E11

, Whann C.M., Chung J.K., Gregory P.C., Lopez A.N., Towler M.A., Becker D.G. A new, improved flotation device for deep-water exercise J Burn Care Rehabil 1991 ; 12 : 62-66

]}

Geriatría ^{[Drouot M.H., Jumentier B., Wahl C., Thevenon A. Intérêt de la gymnastique en piscine dans le traitement de l'ostéoporose Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
254-259

, Talman C. Kinébalnéothérapie et ostéoporose : protocole pour une rééducation de groupe en piscine [mémoire IESCA]. Montignies sur Sambre, Belgique; 1994. 192p.

, Ruoti R. Overview of non-swimming aquatic research J Back Musculoskel Rehabil 1994 ; 4 : 315-318

, Becker B.E. Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications PMR 2009 ; 1 : 859-872

, Simmons V., Hansen P.D. Effectiveness of water exercise on postural mobility in the well elderly: an experimental study on balance enhancement J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996 ; 51 : M233-M238

, Rissel C. Water exercices for the frail elderly: a pilot program Aust J Physiother 1987 ; 3 : 226-232

, Brun V., Codine P. Hydrothérapie, proprioception et troubles de l'équilibre et de la coordination Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
46-56

, Taunton J.E., Rhodes E.C., Wolski L.A., Donelly M., Warren J., Elliot J., y al. Effect of land-based and water-based fitness programs on the cardiovacular fitness, strength and flexibility of women 65-75 years Gerontology 1996 ; 42 : 204-210

, Arnold C.M., Faulkner R.A. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis J Aging Phys Act 2010 ; 18 : 245-260

, Ruoti R.G., Troup J.T., Berger R.A. The effects of nonswimming water exercises on older adults J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1994 ; 19 : 140-145

, Shono T., Fujishima K., Hotta N., Ogaki T., Ueda T., Otoki K., y al. Physiological responses and RPE during underwater treadmill walking in women of middle and advanced age J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2000 ; 19 : 195-200

, Katsura Y., Yoshikawa T., Ueda S.Y., Usui T., Sotobayashi D., Nakao H., y al. Effects of aquatic exercise training using water-resistance equipment in elderly Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 ; 108 : 957-964

, Sato D., Kaneda K., Wakabayashi H., Nomura T. Comparison two-year effects of once-weekly and twice-weekly water exercise on health-related quality of life of community-dwelling frail elderly people at a day-service facility Disabil Rehabil 2009 ; 31 : 84-93

, Tsourlou T., Benik A., Dipla K., Zafeiridis A., Kellis S. The effects of a twenty-four-week aquatic training program on muscular strength performance in healthy elderly women J Strength Cond Res 2006 ; 20 : 811-818

, de Oliveira M.R., da Silva R.A., Dascal J.B., Teixeira D.C. Effect of different types of exercise on postural balance in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014 ; 59 : 506-514

, Lim H.S., Yoon S. The influence of short-term aquatic training on obstacle crossing in gait by the elderly J Phys Ther Sci 2014 ; 26 : 1219-1222

, Kaneda K., Sato D., Wakabayashi H., Hanai A., Nomura T. A comparison of the effects of different water exercise programs on balance ability in elderly people J Aging Phys Act 2008 ; 16 : 381-392

]}

Dermatología ^{[Francon J. Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie en milieu thermal Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
158-169

, Gavroy J.P., Dossa J., Ster J., Ster F., de Godebout J. Hydrothérapie et rééducation des grands brûlés Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
147-151

, Halevy S., Giryes H., Friger M., Grossman N., Karpas Z., Sarov B., y al. The role of trace elements in psoriatic patients undergoing balneotherapy with Dead Sea bath salt Isr Med Assoc J 2001 ; 3 : 828-832

, Halevy S., Sukenik S. Different modalities of spa therapy for skin diseases at the Dead Sea area Arch Dermatol 1998 ; 134 : 1416-1420

, Gambichler T., Rapp S., Senger E., Altmeyer P., Hoffmann K. Balneophototherapy of psoriasis: highly concentrated salt water versus tap water - a randomized, one-blind, right/left comparative study Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2001 ; 17 : 22-25

]}

Obesidad ^{[Boidina M., Lapierrea G., Paquette Tanira L., Nigama A., Juneaua M., Guilbeaulta V., y al. Effect of aquatic interval training with Mediterranean diet counseling in obese patients: results of a preliminary study Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2015 ; 58 : 269-275

, Becker B.E. Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications PMR 2009 ; 1 : 859-872

, Grubbs L. The critical role of exercise in weight control Nurse Pract 1993 ; 18 : 20-22, 25-6, 29.

, Poirier P., Després J.P. Exercise in weight management of obesity Cardiol Clin 2001 ; 19 : 459-470

, Curioni C.C., Lourenço P.M. Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review Int J Obes 2005 ; 29 : 1168-1174

, Martin K.R., Kuh D., Harris T.B., Guralnik J.M., Coggon D., Wills A.K. Body mass index, occupational activity, and leisure-time physical activity: an exploration of risk factors and modifiers for knee osteoarthritis in the 1946 British birth cohort BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013 ; 14 : 219

, Yázigi F., Espanha M., Vieira F., Messier S.P., Monteiro C., Veloso A.P. The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013 ; 14 : 320

]}

Obstetricia ^{[McMurray R.G., Katz V.L., Berry M.J., Cefalo R.C. Cardiovascular responses of pregnant women during aerobic exercise in water: a longitudinal study Int J Sports Med 1988 ; 9 : 443-447

, Drouot M.H., Jumentier B., Wahl C., Thevenon A. Intérêt de la gymnastique en piscine dans le traitement de l'ostéoporose Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
254-259

, Lebaz B. Aquabuilding Paris: Chiron (1988). 135p.

, Katz V.L., McMurray R., Goodwin W.E., Cefalo R.C. Nonweightbearing exercise during pregnancy on land and during immersion: a comparative study Am J Perinatol 1990 ; 7 : 281-284

, Lombard G., Mares P., Viala J.L., Laffargue F., Hedon B., Dupaigne D. Préparation à l'accouchement en piscine d'eau chaude Hydrothérapie et kinébalnéothérapie Paris: Masson (1987).
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