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Le deuil médiatique, une forme spécifique du deuil post-traumatique - 01/02/20

Media grief, a specific form of PostTraumatic grief

Doi : 10.1016/j.amp.2018.10.014 
Hélène Romano
 HDR, CPP Lyon Est III, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France 

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Résumé

Dans un contexte sociétal où les morts dans des contextes traumatiques sont de plus en plus souvent médiatisées, cet article vise à mieux comprendre les incidences de cette médiatisation sur le processus de deuil des personnes ayant perdu un proche dans ces situations. La mort ou la menace de mort surajoutée à la perte d’un proche dans une circonstance médiatisée fait de ces deuils post-traumatiques des circonstances bien particulières entraînant un processus de deuil complexe qui intrique l’adaptation à la perte du proche perdu, l’apprivoisement et l’élaboration de ses propres troubles post-traumatiques et la gestion de l’intrusion médiatique et sociétale dans leur intimité. Cet article abordera dans un premier temps le rappel sur la clinique du deuil post-traumatique, puis la spécificité du deuil médiatique et nous envisagerons dans un troisième temps les perspectives de prises en charge dans ce type de contexte.

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Abstract

Objectives

Loss, like death are part of life and the reactions that each of us develops to deal with it are manifold. Beyond the classic definition of mourning and the psychic response to loss, so we have situations very different according to the contexts: type of death, state of the body, links of the deceased with the disappeared, presence or not of the grieving at the time of death, life-threatening the grieving itself, etc. This makes that if grief is not a disease, it can lead to difficult reactions and complicated grief when the psychic process is challenged by certain contexts. Grieving can then present a lasting psychic disorganization, manifesting invasive symptoms that may chronicle itself until the development of pathological or even psychiatric disorders (decompensation on the register of hysterical neurosis, alterations somatic, manic, psychotic or totally delusional). These reactions can occur following the death of the loved one, but also whenever the subject is confronted with experiences of irreversible and violent loss or situations exposing him to the reminder of the mourning of him who is no longer. The objective of our work is the question on the impact of media when in situation of mourning, that he is of a single death, but very strongly publicized yes of a collective death. In a context societal where the “victimization” at all costs takes the top on the marks usual, the impact of cameras and endless images is positive yes factor a particular disorder for the people grieving? If these traumatics events are not new, the multiplication of news channels continues is a data that has upset our relationship with the image and especially those related to traumatic events. For a viewer who is not personally concerned, such visions can be traumatic in the sense that the images register psychically and leave it in the face of a state of psychic agony. But for those who are very personally concerned about the event, because they lost one of their close or many of them, what impact do these images have? What resonances have in their psychic work of mourning these incessant reminders of the drama they have experienced?

Patients

This work is part of our clinical experience for thirty years with people bereaved in traumatic media contexts: victims of the Tsunami, fires in Paris in the years 2005–2006. Of the bereaved following the natural disasters of Haiti in 2010, the attacks of Paris and Nice (2015–2016), the shooting of Villiers-sur-Marne from 2010. Our work of psychotherapist is writing on a analysis qualitative following the followed for several months of these bereaved that has enabled us to identify the effects of these mournings which we propose to call “media mourning”. So we define media mourning as a situation where a subject suffers the loss of a loved one in a traumatic context and when the media provide coverage of the event. We propose, from our experience with people bereaved in traumatic contexts mediated to take up the criteria of traumatic mourning to define the media mourning: Criterion A: The subject is grieving in a traumatic context; The death of the near is mediated with images and media commentary of all kinds; Three of the following four symptoms are often experienced: intrusive thinks about the deceased; “Héroïsation” Of Deceased; Research of the deceased (when the body is not found); Feelings of abandonment, loneliness Or even rejection, perceived As the result of death Publicized; Criterion B: Six Of 11 Following symptoms occur following death in the context of media coverage: Loss of vital momentum with No sound Perspectives or feelings of Futility in the face of the future; Subjective feeling of stunning, detachment or lack of emotional response; Difficulty in accepting death (disbelief); Feeling that life is empty or meaningless; Feeling that part of oneself has disappeared and survival attitude by living vicariously through the identity of the deceased and the place that the media brings him; Flashbacks traumatic death related to images and media reports; Representation Negative of the world (loss of sense of security, confidence, control); Appropriation dare symptoms or harmful behaviour of the deceased person; Excessive irritability, bitterness or death-related anger; Quérulence and excessive procedural posture; Loss of confidence in political and institutional leaders; Criterion C: Duration of disturbance (list of symptoms) of at least two months in adolescents and adults. These two months do not occur systematically immediately after death, but can occur on a delayed basis, at a distance from the facts; Criterion D: The disturbance results in a real decrease of vital investment In the Family, professional, social setting or whatever.

Conclusion

The experience that we have acquired with the people grieving in a context strongly profiled (that he is of a single death or of death collective) we bring to do the hypothesis that the bereavements in context media are very particular and that the journalistic coverage which is made can represent a source of complication of mourning see be a form particular of mourning posttraumatic because of the flashbacks constant imposed by the media. This observation should bring the professionals of care to be particularly attentive to people that lose a close relative in a very publicized context and the journalists to understand that spreading images is not a HARMLESS act but requires a reflection ethics on the sense of Effects of those on the viewers.

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Mots clés : Cas clinique, Deuil, Intimité, Media, Mort, Prise en charge, Traumatisme psychique

Keywords : Care management, Clinical case, Death, Intimacy, Media, Mourning, Psychic Trauma


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Vol 178 - N° 1

P. 25-30 - janvier 2020 Regresar al número
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