Microvascular surgery has become a standardized technique for reconstruction of large tissue defects in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery. However, the main dreaded complications are thrombosis of blood vessels or major bleeding after surgery. Several different anticoagulation protocols have been established in the last decades to overcome these problems with varying degrees of success.

Over a period of six years, a standardized anticoagulation protocol including acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) for direct intraoperative and postoperative administration was established, optimized and compared to a previously used non-standardized protocol. A total of 178 flap surgeries were included in the development and optimization process of the protocol.

ASA significantly increased the risk of complications when used for longer than 72 h (OR = 2.52; p = 0.002; 95% CI 1.39–4.59). Administration of UFH reduced flap loss (bolus: OR 0.68; p = 0.47; 95% CI 0.24–1.93; continuous UFH administration: OR = 0.61; p = 0.33; 95% CI 0.22–1.66), however doses greater than 500 IU/ h of UFH as continuous infusion increased the risk of complications. Reduction in ischemia time had no effect on the occurrence of complications.

Anticoagulation regimes in microvascular surgery can influence the postoperative complication rate. The optimal protocol should consist of a combination of ASA and UFH for the intraoperative and direct postoperative phase. Prolonged administration of ASA as well as doses >500 IU/ h of UFH are to be avoided due to the increased complication rate.