Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising innovative avenue for therapeutic intervention in cancer research. However, achieving satisfactory accumulation of nanoparticles in the tumor and fabricating optimized nanoparticles remain challenging. In this work, we developed a novel polymeric micelle system to actively target integrin receptors, which are usually overexpressed in breast cancer. We first synthesized a targeted peptide-modified cyclic (Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Cys) (c(RGDfc))-polyethylene glycol-acitretin amphipathic conjugate (RPA) and prepared doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded RPADm (RPA@DOX) micelles with a high drug loading content of more than 11 %. Compared with unmodified DOX-containing micelles, RPADm demonstrated increased cytotoxicity and cellular uptake by MCF-7 cells. Importantly, competitive binding experiments confirmed that the observed enhancement effect was attributed to the modification of c(RGDfc) on the surface of the micelles. Furthermore, due to its active tumor-targeting ability, compared with the other DOX-based formulations, the RPADm exhibited the highest tumor distribution and strongest therapeutic efficacy in MCF-7 tumor-bearing nude mice. Additionally, the safety evaluation experiments revealed that the DOX-loaded micelles had no obvious systemic toxicity. These results suggest that the developed micelles modified with c(RGDfc) are promising candidates for tumor-active targeting therapies.