Congenital Hand Differences: Embryology and Classification - 20/08/11

Doi : 10.1016/j.hcl.2009.02.002

Douglas M. Sammer, MD ^a, Kevin C. Chung, MD ^b,^⁎
^a Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclic Avenue, Suite 1150, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
^b Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 2130 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–0340, USA

Corresponding author.

Abstract

Congenital hand differences affect approximately 1 in 500 persons and present unique diagnostic and classification challenges. The embryology of the hand and upper extremity is discussed, including the molecular basis for patterning of the upper limb. The Swanson/International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand classification system is described, along with a discussion of the difficulties in classifying congenital hand differences based on morphology or etiology.

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Keywords : Congenital, Hand, Classification, Embryology, Anomaly, Malformation, Differences, Pediatric

Esquema

Embryology

Three Axes of Development

Genetic and Molecular Control of Limb Development

Classification systems

Swanson/International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand Classification System

Modifications and Other Classification Systems

Summary

Supported in part by a Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research (K24AR053120) from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.