Case reports of infants with biliary atresia can be traced back to the nineteenth century.<sup>137 Thomson J. On congenital obliteration of the bile ducts Edinburgh Medical Journal 1891 ;  37 : 523

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 138 Thomson J. On congenital obliteration of the bile ducts Edinburgh Medical Journal 1892 ;  37 : 724

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> In 1916, Holmes published a comprehensive review and stated that operative relief was theoretically possible in 60% of all cases.<sup>45 Holmes J.B. Congenital obliteration of the bile ducts–Diagnosis and suggestions for treatment American Journal of Diseases of Children 1916 ;  11 : 405

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> This article first introduced the concept of correctable and noncorrectable forms of biliary atresia. The first successful surgery for correctable biliary atresia was reported by Ladd in 1928.<sup>70 Ladd W.E. Congenital atresia and stenosis of the bile ducts JAMA 1928 ;  91 : 1082

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> Of 11 patients on whom surgery was performed, 8 were amenable to surgical treatment, and 6 recovered. Several trials of surgical treatment of noncorrectable biliary atresia were attempted in the 1950s and early 1960s, with little improvement in patient outcome.<sup>2 Absolon K.B., Rikkers H., Aust J.B. Thoracic duct lymph drainage in congenital biliary atresia Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1965 ;  120 : 123

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 30 Fonkalsrud E.W., Kitagawa S., Longmire W.P. Hepatic lymphatic drainage to the jejunum for congenital biliary atresia Am J Surg 1966 ;  112 : 188

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 88 Moscoso G., Mieli-Vergani G., Mowat A.P. , y al. Sudden death caused by unsuspected pulmonary arterial hypertension 10 years after surgery for extrahepatic biliary atresia J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991 ;  12 : 388

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 125 Sterling J.A. Artificial bile ducts in the management of congenital biliary atresia, a clinical report Journal of International College of Surgeons 1961 ;  36 : 293

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 128 Suruga K., Miyano T., Kitahara T. , y al. Treatment of biliary atresia: A study of our operative results J Pediatr Surg 1981 ;  16 : 621

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 146 Williams L.F., Dooling J.A. Thoracic duct-esophagus anastomosis for relief of congenital biliary atresia Surgical Forum 1963 ;  14 : 189

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> In 1957, Kasai et al reported surgical relief of biliary obstruction in infants traditionally considered to have noncorrectable biliary atresia by hepatic portal enterostomy.<sup>59 Karrer F.M., Lilly J.R., Stewart B.A. , y al. Biliary Atresia Registry, 1976–1989 J Pediatr Surg 1990 ;  25 : 1076  [cross-ref]

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 60 Kasai M., Suzuki S. A new operation for “non-correctable” biliary atresia: Hepatic portoenterostomy [in Japanese] Shujyutsu 1959 ;  13 : 733

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 102 Ohi R. A history of the Kasai operation: Hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia World J Surg 1988 ;  12 : 871  [cross-ref]

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup>

Although hepatic portoenterostomy became widely accepted in Japan, the early Western experience was controversial and occasionally emotional. Several pediatric surgeons would not recommend the procedure.<sup>17 Campbell D.P., Poley J.R., Alaupovic P. , y al. The differential diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia J Pediatr Surg 1974 ;  9 : 699

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 69 Koop C.E. Biliary atresia and Kasai operation Pediatrics 1975 ;  55 : 9

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> Conversely, confirmation of Kasai's results, albeit in small numbers of patients, was reported by Bill<sup>14 Bill A.H., Brennom W.S., Huseby T.L. New concepts of pathology, diagnosis, and management of biliary atresia Arch Surg 1974 ;  109 : 367

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> and by Lilly and Altman.<sup>74 Lilly J.R., Altman R.P. Hepatic portoenterostomy (the Kasai operation) for biliary atresia Surgery 1975 ;  78 : 76

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> In the 1980s all infants with biliary atresia born in Japan and 90% of the infants born elsewhere had the Kasai operation. The surgical results of patients in the Sendai series proved that performing the surgery early, before deterioration of the liver, is important for successful biliary drainage.<sup>97 Ohi R., Takahashi T., Kasai M. Intrahepatic biliary obstruction in congenital bile duct atresia Tohoku J Exp Med 1969 ;  99 : 129

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> At present, it is widely accepted that early diagnosis and timely surgery are indispensable to the successful management of children with biliary atresia. For children with a progressive clinical course after portal enterostomy, liver transplantation has become a viable therapeutic modality. This treatment was pioneered by Starzl in 1963<sup>124 Starzl T.E., Marchioro T.L., Von Kaulla K.N. , y al. Homotransplantation of the liver in humans Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 1963 ;  117 : 659

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias</sup> and has evolved to include whole-organ and reduced-size liver transplantation, as well as living-related donor liver transplantation, which is now well established throughout the world and especially in Japan.<sup>105 Ozawa K., Uemoto S., Tanaka K. , y al. An appraisal of pediatric liver transplantation from living relatives: Initial clinical experiences in 20 liver transplantation from living relatives as donors Ann Surg 1992 ;  216 : 547

Haga clic aquí para ir a la sección de Referencias, 133 Tanaka K., Shirahase I., Uemoto S. , y al. Changes in portal vein hemodynamics after hepatic portoenterostomy in biliary atresia Pediatr Surg Int 1992 ;  7 : 260

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