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The piriformis muscle syndrome: An exploration of anatomical context, pathophysiological hypotheses and diagnostic criteria - 07/06/13

Doi : 10.1016/j.rehab.2013.03.006 
F. Michel a, , b , P. Decavel b, E. Toussirot c, d, L. Tatu a, e, E. Aleton b, G. Monnier a, e, P. Garbuio f, B. Parratte b, e
a Department of Neuromuscular Examinations and Diseases, CHRU, hôpital Jean-Minjoz, 25000 Besançon, France 
b Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, CHRU, hôpital Jean-Minjoz, 25000 Besançon, France 
c Clinical Investigation, Biotherapy Department CBT-506 & Rheumatology, CHRU, Besançon, France 
d University Department of Therapy and Reception Team 4266 “Pathogenic Agents and Inflammation”, IFR133, université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France 
e Anatomy Laboratory, université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France 
f Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology Surgery, Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, CHRU, hôpital Jean-Minjoz, 25000 Besançon, France 

*Corresponding author.

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Abstract

Introduction

The piriformis muscle syndrome (PMS) has remained an ill-defined entity. It is a form of entrapment neuropathy involving compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle. Bearing this in mind, a medical examination is likely to be suggestive, as a classical range of symptoms corresponds to truncal sciatica with frequently fluctuating pain, initially in the muscles of the buttocks.

Pathophysiological hypotheses

The piriformis muscle is biarticular, constituting a bridge in front of and below the sacroiliac joint and behind and above the coxo-femoral joint. It is essentially a lateral rotator but also a hip extensor, and assumes a secondary role as an abductor. Its action is nonetheless conditioned by the position of the homolateral coxo-femoral joint, and it can also function as a hip medial rotator, with the hip being flexed at more than 90°. The main clinical manoeuvres are derived from these types of biomechanical considerations. For instance, as it is close to the hip extensors, the piriformis muscle is tested in medial rotation stretching, in resisted contraction in lateral rotation. On the other hand, when hip flexion surpasses 90°, the piriformis muscle is stretched in lateral rotation, and we have consequently laid emphasis on the manoeuvre we have termed Heel Contra-Lateral Knee (HCLK), which must be prolonged several tens of seconds in order to successfully reproduce the buttocks-centred and frequently associated sciatic symptoms.

Conclusion

A PMS diagnosis is exclusively clinical, and the only objective of paraclinical evaluation is to eliminate differential diagnoses. The entity under discussion is real, and we favour the FAIR, HCLK and Freiberg stretching manoeuvres and Beatty's resisted contraction manoeuvre.

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Résumé

Introduction

Le syndrome du muscle piriforme (SMP) est une entité encore mal définie. Il s’agirait d’un syndrome canalaire par compression du nerf ischiatique par le muscle piriforme. Dans ce cadre, l’interrogatoire est évocateur, la symptomatologie clinique correspondant à une sciatalgie tronculaire souvent fluctuante à début fessier.

Hypothèses physiopathologiques

Ce muscle piriforme est bi-articulaire, passant en pont en avant et en dessous de l’articulation sacro-iliaque et en arrière et au-dessus de l’articulation coxo-fémorale. Il est essentiellement rotateur latéral mais aussi extenseur de hanche et participe accessoirement à son abduction. Pour autant son action est conditionnée par la position de l’articulation coxo-fémorale homolatérale. En effet, il deviendrait rotateur médial de hanche, cette dernière étant fléchie au-delà de 90°. De ces considérations biomécaniques découlent les principales manœuvres cliniques. En effet, hanche proche de l’extension, il est testé en étirement en rotation médiale, en contraction contrariée en rotation latérale. En revanche, au-delà de 90° de flexion de hanche, le muscle piriforme est étiré en rotation latérale, et ainsi nous mettons en avant la réalisation d’une manœuvre que nous avons appelé Talon Genou-Contro-Latéral (TG-CL), qu’il faut prolonger plusieurs dizaines de secondes pour reproduire la symptomatologie fessière et souvent sciatique associée.

Conclusion

Le diagnostic de SMP est clinique, le bilan paraclinique n’ayant pour but que d’éliminer un diagnostic différentiel. Son entité est réelle et nous privilégions les manœuvres d’étirement FAIR, TG-CL et de Freiberg, ainsi que la manœuvre de contraction résistée de Beatty.

Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.

Keywords : Piriformis muscle syndrome (PMS), Sciatic nerve, Clinical assessment

Mots clés : Syndrome du muscle piriforme, Nerf ischiatique, Évaluation clinique


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