Dementia covers a complex spectrum of cognitive disorders characterized by various pathological mechanisms, significantly impacting individuals and society. Currently, over 55 million people are affected worldwide with the economic burden predicted to increase from $2.8 trillion in 2019 to $4.7 trillion by 2030. This paper explores the four predominant dementia types. These are Alzheimer's disease, Vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Frontotemporal dementia. Each exclusive type has discrete etiologies, symptoms, and progression patterns.

Alzheimer's disease, responsible for about 70% of demenetias worldwide, is closely linked to amyloid plaques and tau tangles, while vascular dementia is defined by reduced blood circulation to the brain and cognitive decline. Lewy body dementia is defined by aberrant deposits of alpha-synuclein protein, leading to cognitive fluctuations and visual hallucinations. Frontotemporal dementia is usually seen in younger people and is identified by atrophy of the frontal, prefrontal, and temporal cortex. Recognizing these differences is important for creating targeted interventions and treatments.

This review aims to enhance comprehension of the underlying pathologies, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies associated with these dementias, ultimately contributing to improved care and management for affected individuals.