Empyema may occur in the pleural space after pulmonary resection. Subsequent bacterial contamination results in infection and development of frank empyema. Pneumonectomy—surgical removal of the entire lung—is the treatment of choice for centrally located bronchogenic carcinoma, diffuse malignant mesothelioma, and chronic inflammatory lung diseases with destroyed lung from pulmonary tuberculosis, fungal infections, and bronchiectasis. In the uncomplicated case, on the pneumonectomy side, the diaphragm becomes elevated as the air–fluid level decreases with chest wall deformation and gradual disappearance of hydrothorax. The pneumonectomy space is at potential risk for getting infected from bacterial contamination and developing empyema.