Macular edema is the leading cause of vision loss in bilateral chronic noninfectious posterior uveitis, and is currently being treated using corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biotherapies. The aim of this trial was to assess and compare the efficacy and safety of corticosteroids and interferon-α (IFN-α) in adults with such conditions.

Randomized controlled trial.

Subjects: Adult patients with bilateral posterior autoimmune noninfectious and nontumoral uveitis complicated by macular edema in at least 1 eye. Intervention: Patients received either subcutaneous IFN-α2a, systemic corticosteroids, or no treatment for 4 months. The efficacy and safety were assessed for up to 4 months. Main Outcome Measures: The main endpoint was the change of the central foveal thickness (CFT) obtained by optical coherence tomography.

Forty-eight patients were included. In intention-to-treat analysis, the median CFT change showed no significant difference. However, the per-protocol analysis showed a significant difference between groups for both eyes (OD and OS), and for the worse and better eyes. Statistically significant difference was found between the control and corticosteroid groups for the OD (P = .0285), and between the control and IFN-α groups for the OD (P = .0424) and worse eye (P = .0354). Serious adverse events occurred in 2 patients in the IFN group, in 1 patient in the corticosteroid group, and in 2 patients in the control group and were completely resolved after switch.

IFN-α and systemic corticosteroids, compared with no treatment, were associated with significant anatomic and visual improvement shown in the per-protocol study.