Depression is a disabling condition, which often leads to significant personal, societal, and economic costs. Windows of vulnerability for depression in women likely are associated with an increased sensitivity experienced by some women to changes in the hormonal milieu that occur during the luteal phase of their cycles, during the postpartum period, and/or during the menopause transition. The controversy surrounding a menopause-related depression has been fueled by conflicting methodologies used to characterize reproductive staging or assess psychiatric conditions during midlife years.