Optimal management of tracheal stenosis depends on identifying causative factors. Risk factors include high tracheostomy, cricothyroidotomy, prolonged intubation, and proximal migration of an endotracheal tube cuff. Management ranges from conservative observation to endoscopic procedures or open surgical resections. The goal of surgical repair is an adequate airway, decannulation, and normal laryngeal function. For early stage disease, management of refractory conditions is via endoscopic procedures. An understanding of the respiratory function of the glottis and subglottis is essential when an optimum functional reconstruction of the glottic/subglottic area is considered. In this article we discuss different airway assessments and surgical management techniques.