Human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27)–positive acute anterior uveitis (AAU) has a higher recurrence rate and shows more anterior chamber cell infiltration compared with HLA-B27–negative patients, suggesting distinct etiologies of these clinically overlapping conditions. To advance our understanding of the biology of AAU, we characterized the metabolic profile of aqueous humor (AqH) of patients with HLA-B27–associated AAU (B27-AAU) and noninfectious idiopathic AAU (idiopathic AAU).

Experimental laboratory study.

AqH samples from 2 independent cohorts totaling 30 patients with B27-AAU, 16 patients with idiopathic AAU, and 20 patients with cataracts underwent 2 individual rounds of direct infusion mass spectrometry. Features predicted by direct infusion mass spectrometry that facilitated maximum separation between the disease groups in regression models were validated by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry–based quantification with appropriate standards.

Partial least square-discriminant analysis revealed metabolite profiles that were able to separate patients with B27-AAU from those with iodiopathic AAU. Pathway enrichment analysis, based on metabolites on which separation of the groups in the partial least square-discriminant analysis model was based, demonstrated the involvement of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and glycolysis-diverting pathways (eg, serine biosynthesis) across all investigated cohorts. Notably, the metabolite ketoleucine was elevated in B27-AAU across all 3 runs and moderately—but robustly—correlated with anterior chamber cell count (correlation coefficient range 0.41–0.81).

These results illustrate metabolic heterogeneity between HLA-B27–positive and HLA-B27–negative AAU, including an increase of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, that reflects disease activity in AAU.