Exosomes: Multiple-targeted multifunctional biological nanoparticles in the diagnosis, drug delivery, and imaging of cancer cells - 28/08/20

Doi : 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110442

Yuzhong Zheng ^a, Anwarul Hasan ^b,^c,⁎ , Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei ^d, Elham Behzadi ^e, Mina Nouri ^e, Majid Sharifi ^f,^g,⁎ , Mojtaba Falahati ^f,⁎
^a School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521041, China
^b Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
^c Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
^d Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
^e Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
^f Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
^g Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

^⁎Corresponding authors at: Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Department of NanotechnologyFaculty of Advanced Sciences and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran^⁎⁎Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringCollege of EngineeringQatar UniversityDoha2713Qatar

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Graphical abstract

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Highlights

•	This review provides the application of exosomes as potential candidate in drug delivery, imaging and gene therapy.
•	We present an overview on the structure of exosomes, isolation, loading drug or molecules.
•	In this paper, we discuss many of the current challenges, future development and their interaction into clinical practice.

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Abstract

Exosomes are biological nanoparticles (30−150 nm) secreted in the extracellular area from all of cells, that mediate intercellular message. Exosomes act as the carriers for numerous proteins, DNAs, RNAs and cell-signaling molecules. Therefore, exosomes secreted by the tumor cells are useful for diagnostic purposes because of their persistent presence in the blood and their provision of genetic cargo similar to those in tumor. Due to the risks of aggressive activity and ambiguity of biological activity in other tissues, the use of exosomes in drug delivery and imaging has been limited. However, their high loading, stability and longer circulation time, excellent targeting, high cell penetration performance, and optimal biodegradability have made them potential agents in targeted cancer treatment. Therefore, in addition to examining methods for isolating and loading exosomes, this paper discusses the applications of exosomes in biological measurement, imaging, and therapeutic activities. Also, this review describes the challenges of using exosomes compared to conventional methods and shows that it is very useful to use them due to less aggressive activities. Finally, this review attempts to provide an appropriate incentive by showing the performance of exosomes in cancer therapy through targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, imaging and diagnosis.

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Keywords : Exosome, Drug delivery, Gene delivery, Imaging probes, Diagnostic