The initial assessment of immigrant and refugee patients, including which health concerns to address and which infectious diseases may benefit from early screening, may present challenges to clinicians. Evidence-based research suggests certain infectious diseases should be screened for and treated in refugees. Overseas refugee preemptive treatment programs have reduced the burden of some diseases but have not removed the value of in-country screening programs. This article provides discussion of a series of common tropical and infectious diseases providing refugee and geographic contexts and links to international resources that have been developed to improve the care of newly arriving immigrants and refugees.