Edward R. Mariano, MD, MAS a, b, ⁎
, Alex Kou, BS a, b, Marjorie A. Stiegler, MD c
, Clyde Matava, MBChB, DA, MMed, MHSC d, e 
a Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA, USA
b Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System; Palo Alto, CA, USA
c Department of Anesthesiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, USA
d Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
e Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada