Current advances in cancer chemotherapeutics have remarkably helped in rapid and definitive treatment options. However, these potent chemotherapeutics have been associated with severe renal toxicities that later impact treatment options. Acute kidney injury is common in patients with cancer. In hospitalized patients with cancer, acute kidney injury is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and costs. This article provides an overview of acute kidney injury caused by cancer or its treatment, including prerenal, tubular, glomerular diseases, infiltrative disease, tumor lysis syndrome, anticancer drug nephrotoxicity, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation–related acute kidney injury, and cancer-associated thrombotic microangiopathy.