This review provides an update on neonatal hypoglycemia in the term infant, including discussion of glucose metabolism, definitions of hypoglycemia, identification of infants commonly at risk, and the screening, treatment, and potential neurologic outcomes of postnatal hypoglycemia. Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common metabolic condition that continues to plague clinicians because there is no clear relationship between low glucose concentrations or their duration that determines adverse neurologic outcomes. However, severely low, prolonged, recurrent low glucose concentrations in infants who also have marked symptoms such as seizures, flaccid hypotonia with apnea, and coma clearly are associated with permanent brain damage. Early identification of at-risk infants, early and continued breastfeeding augmented with oral dextrose gel, monitoring prefeed glucose concentrations, treating symptomatic infants who have very low and recurrent low glucose concentrations, and identifying and aggressively managing infants with persistent hyperinsulinemia and metabolic defects may help prevent neuronal injury.