Systematic Review: Nonverbal Learning Disability - 20/01/22
, Jazmin A. Reyes-Portillo, PhD a, b, Mark A. Riddle, MD c, Hillary D. Litwin, MA aRésumé |
Objective |
To summarize the current state of the research literature on nonverbal learning disability (NVLD), including criteria used to define NVLD in research contexts and the quality of the extant research; and to determine what research can tell us about ways in which NVLD is distinct from DSM neurodevelopmental disorders and typical development.
Method |
A systematic search of 7 databases was conducted to identify research on NVLD published through February 2019. Criteria used to define NVLD were extracted from identified studies and sorted by category. Each study was assessed for risk of bias and rated “good,” “fair,” or “poor;” findings from studies rated good or fair were summarized.
Results |
A total of 61 articles (63 studies) met inclusion criteria. There was great heterogeneity in the criteria used to define NVLD. Deficits in visuospatial ability/intelligence was the most common criterion used, followed by discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal intelligence (VIQ>PIQ split of 10 or greater). All studies were cross-sectional and most included small, poorly described samples. Most studies focused on children and young adolescents. Eight studies were rated as good, 42 as fair, and 13 as poor. Review of results from the 50 good or fair studies suggest that there is sufficient evidence that youths with NVLD (as defined by significant deficits in visuospatial abilities) can be clearly differentiated from their typically developing peers, those with verbal learning disorders, and from other clinical groups (eg, individuals with high functioning autism).
Conclusion |
A standard set of criteria for determining an NVLD diagnosis would greatly improve research studies and the possibility of inclusion in the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases.
Le texte complet de cet article est disponible en PDF.Key words : nonverbal learning disability, NVLD, systematic review
Plan
| This work was supported by a gift to Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry from the NVLD Project (www.NVLD.org). |
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| This work has been prospectively registered: display_record.php?RecordID=138881. |
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| Author Contributions Conceptualization: Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, Riddle Data curation: Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, Litwin Formal analysis: Fisher, Reyes-Portillo Funding acquisition: Fisher Investigation: Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, Litwin Methodology: Fisher, Reyes-Portillo Project administration: Fisher Supervision: Fisher Writing – original draft: Fisher, Reyes-Portillo Writing – review and editing: Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, Riddle, Litwin |
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| The authors wish to thank J. Blake Turner, PhD, of Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, for advice on methodology and feedback on the manuscript. |
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| Disclosure: Dr. Fisher has received grant funding support from the NVLD Project, TeleSage, Inc. (under a Small Business Innovation Research grant to TeleSage, Inc. from the Centers for Disease Control), and the Professional Association for Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH; under a grant from the Bob Woodruff Foundation); donor support for the Man O War Project for developing and testing a protocol for Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (including the Earl I. Mack Foundation, the David and Julia Koch Foundation, the Mary and Daniel Loughran Foundation, the Gulfstream Park Racing Association, Meta Aerospace Capital, Ltd., Tactical Air Support); and has been a co-investigator on an Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes project funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). She has received royalties from the Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene as a co-author of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Dr. Reyes-Portillo has received grant funding support from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Dr. Riddle has received grant funding from NIH; royalties from the American Academy of Pediatrics; consultation fees as member of the Data Management Committee for the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act administered by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; and a fee from the NVLD Project as Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board. Ms. Litwin has reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. |
Vol 61 - N° 2
P. 159-186 - février 2022 Retour au numéro
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