Mutations in SARS-CoV-2: Insights on structure, variants, vaccines, and biomedical interventions - 08/12/22

Doi : 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113977

Ahmed I. Abulsoud ^a,^b, Hussein M. El-Husseiny ^c,^d,^⁎,^{^{1
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1143-4018}} , Ahmed A. El-Husseiny ^a,^e, Hesham A. El-Mahdy ^a, Ahmed Ismail ^a, Samy Y. Elkhawaga ^a, Emad Gamil Khidr ^a, Doaa Fathi ^b, Eman A. Mady ^f,^g, Agnieszka Najda ^h,^⁎ , Mohammad Algahtani ⁱ, Abdulrahman Theyab ^i,^j, Khalaf F. Alsharif ^k, Ashraf Albrakati ^l, Roula Bayram ^m, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim ^m,ⁿ, Ahmed S. Doghish ^o,^⁎,^{^{2
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-7096}}
^a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
^b Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
^c Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
^d Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt
^e Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
^f Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
^g Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt
^h Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants University of Life Sciences, Lublin 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20–280, Lublin, Poland
ⁱ Department of Laboratory & Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 14799, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
^j College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
^k Department of Clinical Laboratory sciences, College of Applied medical sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
^l Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
^m Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
ⁿ Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
^o Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt

^⁎Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3–5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shiTokyo183-8509Japan^⁎⁎Corresponding authors.

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Abstract

COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Less than a year after the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, many vaccines have arrived on the market with innovative technologies in the field of vaccinology. Based on the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the Spike SARS-Cov-2 protein or on the use of recombinant adenovirus vectors enabling the gene encoding the Spike protein to be introduced into our cells, these strategies make it possible to envisage the vaccination in a new light with tools that are more scalable than the vaccine strategies used so far. Faced with the appearance of new variants, which will gradually take precedence over the strain at the origin of the pandemic, these new strategies will allow a much faster update of vaccines to fight against these new variants, some of which may escape neutralization by vaccine antibodies. However, only a vaccination policy based on rapid and massive vaccination of the population but requiring a supply of sufficient doses could make it possible to combat the emergence of these variants. Indeed, the greater the number of infected individuals, the faster the virus multiplies, with an increased risk of the emergence of variants in these RNA viruses. This review will discuss SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and evolution approaches in altered transmission platforms and emphasize the different mutations and how they influence the virus characteristics. Also, this article summarizes the common vaccines and the implication of the mutations and genetic variety of SARS-CoV-2 on the COVID-19 biomedical arbitrations.

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Graphical Abstract

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Highlights

•	COVID-19 has triggered a global health crisis that has never been seen before.
•	The most prevalent mutations were in the S protein and proteins that make up the RdRP.
•	A wide and diverse range of variants, leading to multiple vaccines production.
•	Vaccination and global health precautions are critical in COVID-19 prevention.

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Abbreviations : ACE2, BIBP, CD, CDC, COVID-19, CRP, CTD, E, ELISA, ERGIC, ESR, FP, GCSF, GISAID, GMTs, HCoVs, ICU, Ig, IL, LDH, LNPs, M, MERS-CoV, mRNA, N, NABs, Nsp, NTD, nts, ORFs, PANGOLIN, PCR, pp, r, RBD, RdRP, RDT, RNA, ROCM, S, SARS-CoV, sgRNA, SNP, TAG-VE, TMPRSS2, TNF, VOC, VOHC, VOI, WHO, αCoV, βCoV, γCoV, δCoV