To assess changes in antibiotic prophylaxis for inflatable penile prosthesis surgery following publication of the American Urological Association (AUA) Best Practice Statement in April 2008.

The Premier Healthcare Database was queried for inflatable penile prosthesis surgeries from January 2000 to March 2020. The primary outcome was administration of an AUA-adherent antimicrobial regimen and secondary outcome was 90-day explant. Piecewise linear regression was used to compare antimicrobial trends before vs after guideline publication. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed for primary and secondary outcomes.

A total of 26,574 patients who underwent inflatable penile prosthesis surgery were identified, of whom 17,754 (67%) received AUA-adherent antibiotics. After guideline publication, there was a 42% relative increase in AUA-adherent regimen usage, with an increase in the usage trend on piecewise linear regression (from 0.1% to 0.8% of encounters per quarter, R² = 0.75, P < .001). Increased usage trends were also observed for gentamicin (from 0.0% to 1.0% of encounters per quarter, R² = 0.84, P < .001) and vancomycin (0.1%-0.7%, R² = 0.77, P < .001). On multivariable regression, odds of AUA-adherence increased after guideline publication (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.54-1.80, P < .001) and with surgery by a high-volume surgeon (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 2.07-2.35, P < .01). Nonadherence to an AUA-recommended regimen with use of nonstandard antibiotics (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.78-1.71, P = .5) or excess antibiotics (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.62-1.30, P = .6) was not independently associated with increased risk of 90-day explant.

Publication of the AUA Best Practice Statement was associated with subsequent increases in the usage of guideline-adherent antibiotic regimens, particularly vancomycin and gentamicin, despite absence of level-1 evidence supporting this combination.