Potential applications of using tissue-specific EVs in targeted therapy and vaccinology - 13/09/23

Doi : 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115308

Tomasz P. Lehmann ^a,^⁎ , Marta Golik ^a, Jolanta Olejnik ^a, Marianna Łukaszewska ^a, Dominika Markowska ^a, Martyna Drożdżyńska ^a, Aleksander Kotecki ^a, Maciej Głowacki ^b, Paweł P. Jagodziński ^a
^a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
^b Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland

^⁎Correspondence to: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Swiecickiego 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciencesul. Swiecickiego 6Poznan60-781Poland

Abstract

Many cell types secrete spherical membrane bodies classified as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs participate in intercellular communication and are present in body fluids, including blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. The time of EVs survival in the body varies depending on the body’s localisation. Once the EVs reach cells, they trigger a cellular response. Three main modes of direct interaction of EVs with a target cell were described: receptor-ligand interaction mode, a direct fusion of EVs with the cellular membrane and EVs internalisation. Studies focused on the medical application of EVs. Medical application of EVs may require modification of their surface and interior. EVs surface was modified by affecting the parental cells or by the direct amendment of isolated EVs. The interior modification involved introducing materials into the cells or direct administrating isolated EVs. EVs carry proteins, lipids, fragments of DNA, mRNA, microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA. Because of EVs availability in liquid biopsy, they are potential diagnostic markers. Modified EVs could enhance the treatment of diseases such as colorectal cancer, Parkinson’s disease, leukaemia or liver fibrosis. EVs have specific tissue tropisms, which makes them convenient organ-directed carriers of nucleic acids, drugs and vaccines. In conclusion, recently published works have shown that EVs could become biomarkers and modern vehicles of advanced drug forms.

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Graphical Abstract

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Highlights

•	In this review, we describe extracellular vesicles (EVs) as migrating objects.
•	The process of EVs production in most human cells and their secretion.
•	EVs persistence of EVs in the extracellular space and body fluids.
•	Uptake of EVs into target cells.
•	EVs modification methods to enable drug delivery.
•	EVs medical application as biomarkers and vaccines.