Phosphorus Intake and Potential Dietary Influences Examined via 24-Hour Urinary Biomarker Measurements in German Children and Adolescents Over 3 Decades - 18/09/24
Abstract |
Background |
Increases in phosphorus intake have been observed over the past years in adult populations. However, biomarker-based data are lacking on whether or not phosphorus intake also increased in children.
Objective |
The aim of this study was to examine 24-hour urinary phosphate excretion (PO4-Ex) and diet-related biomarkers potentially influencing phosphorus status in German children and adolescents from 1985 to 2015.
Design |
This longitudinal noninvasive biomarker-based cohort study examined 24-hour urine samples from children and adolescents of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study, collected over 3 decades.
Participants/setting |
Examined individuals (n = 1,057) were healthy participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study, situated in Dortmund, Germany, who had been asked to collect one yearly 24-hour urine sample. Six thousand seven hundred thirty-seven samples collected from participants aged 3 to 17 years between 1985 (baseline) and 2015, were included.
Main outcome measures |
phosphorus intake was examined biomarker-based by analyzed PO4-Ex in 24-hour urine samples. Whether acid-base status and intakes of protein, salt, and fruits and vegetables, may have relevantly contributed to PO4-Ex levels was assessed by determining 24-hour excretions of net acid, urea-nitrogen, and sodium as well as specific standardized excretions of potassium plus oxalate.
Statistical analyses performed |
Trend analysis over 30 years and potentially influencing diet factors were examined using linear mixed-effect regression models (PROC-MIXED). Adjustments for sex, age, and body surface area were performed.
Results |
No change was identifiable for PO4-Ex over the 3 decades; neither in 3 to 8, 9 to 13, nor in 14 to 17 year olds. However, sodium excretion increased (P = .001). PROC-MIXED analysis on intraindividual changes in PO4-Ex revealed direct relationships with net acid excretion, urea-nitrogen, and sodium excretion and an inverse relationship with a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake.
Conclusions |
Despite a direct relationship between PO4-Ex and a biomarker of industrially processed food consumption; that is, sodium excretion, which showed an increasing time trend, phosphorus intake was found to remain stable over decades in children and adolescents.
Le texte complet de cet article est disponible en PDF.Keywords : Urinary biomarkers, Phosphate excretion, Trend, Sodium excretion, Urea nitrogen
Plan
| STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. |
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| FUNDING/SUPPORT This work was supported by a collaborative research grant from the German Research Foundation to T. Remer (RE 753/11-1) and S. Wudy (WU 148/11-1), principal investigators. The Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study is funded by the Ministry of Science and Research of North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. None of the funding agencies had any role in the conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. |
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| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study staff for organizing the participants’ visits in the study center, carrying out the anthropometric measurements and the data surveys, and conducting the laboratory measurements of 24-hour urine samples. The long-standing participation of all children and their families in the DONALD Study, and their continuous interest and support, is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the German Research Foundation for supporting our biomarker-based research. |
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| AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS T. Remer designed the research and together with S. Wudy was responsible for the project conception. L. P. Franco together with T. Remer drafted the manuscript. L. P. Franco and Y. Hua did the statistical analyses. U. Nöthlings and S.-M. Derakhshandeh-Rishehri contributed to data interpretation and statistical analyses. All authors read and critically revised the article and approved the final version. None of the authors reported a conflict of interest. |
Vol 124 - N° 10
P. 1266-1276 - octobre 2024 Retour au numéro
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