To develop an efficient and easy-to-use nomogram that can predict testicular sperm extraction (TESE) success in men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) by using pre-operative parameters.

Data of 3093 men who underwent TESE for NOA were included in this study. Demographic data, testis volumes, presence of varicocele, length of infertility, history of previous surgeries, history of genitourinary infections, smoking status, chromosome abnormalities, presence of Y-chromosome microdeletion, family history of infertility, testis biopsy, surgical data, sperm retrieval rate, final pathology obtained at TESE, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels were recorded. The primary outcome was to develop an efficient nomogram that can predict the TESE success in men with NOA. The secondary outcomes were identifying the significant pre-operative parameters that are associated with success in TESE.

Sperm retrieval rate was 50.2%(1553/3093). Testis volume, history of varicocelectomy, chromosome abnormalities, and presence of Y-chromosome microdeletion were shown to affect sperm retrieval rate significantly (P <.05). Sperm retrieval success was higher in men with older age, higher testis volume (>10 mL), lower follicle-stimulating hormone level (≤12.92 mIU/mL), lower luteinizing hormone level, and higher testosterone level (P <.05). Only testis volume and patient’s age were associated with successful sperm retrieval in multivariate logistic regression analysis.

In men with NOA, high testis volume, old age, low follicle-stimulating hormone level, low luteinizing hormone level, and high testosterone level are advantageous for successful sperm retrieval in TESE. Herein, we present a nomogram that can predict the outcome of TESE in men with NOA with adequate success.