During the twentieth century, the surgical training model based on mentorship and cumulative experience reached its limits. In the 2000s, 3-dimensional simulation and virtual reality made an entry into surgical training models, but the model of deliberate practice which is focused on improving performance is becoming more relevant and crucial. Promising in surgery, this method faces obstacles such as difficulties in assessing gestural quality. Video-assisted deliberate practice compensates for these shortcomings, but recording poses financial challenges. Despite its effectiveness, its widespread use requires investment, particularly in the automation of assessment by artificial intelligence to facilitate widespread implementation in surgery.