Molecular evolutionary insights into the repeated introductions and cryptic transmission of dengue virus in Saudi Arabia - 12/09/25
, Zainab BuAli a, Nidia S. Trovao b, Safia S. Aljedani a, Abdullah Algaissi c, Khalid J. Shrwani d, Samer Zakari a, Sharif Hala a, Rfeef Alyami a, Mohammad Bosaeed a, e, ⁎ Summary |
Background |
To investigate the genetic diversity, evolutionary dynamics, and phylogeography of DENV strains circulating in Saudi Arabia.
Methods |
We conducted serotyping, whole-genome sequencing, and phylogeographic analyses of DENV strains collected across Saudi Arabia between 2021 and 2023. A total of 20 full genomes were successfully obtained: DENV-1 (n = 2), DENV-2 (n = 10), and DENV-3 (n = 8).
Results |
Serotyping revealed co-circulation of DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3, with DENV-2 emerging as the predominant serotype. Phylogeographic analysis of whole genomes identified at least five distinct introductions of DENV-2 genotype II into Saudi Arabia, primarily originating from India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. The earliest introduction was estimated around 13 June 1985 (95% HPD: 5 June 1983 to 11 September 1986). DENV-1 genotype III, undetected for over two decades, re-emerged in Jazan and was likely introduced from Djibouti (TMRCA: 27 July 2018; 95% HPD: 9 December 2017 to 21 March 2019). Two independent introductions of DENV-3 genotype III were identified, originating from Malaysia and India, with TMRCA estimates ranging from 2007 to 2011—indicating at least a decade of undetected circulation.
Conclusions |
Our findings highlight Saudi Arabia’s evolving role as a regional hub for DENV transmission, driven by mass gatherings and labor migration. Strengthening genomic surveillance, enhancing vector control, and fostering regional data sharing are critical to improving outbreak response and preparedness.
Le texte complet de cet article est disponible en PDF.Highlights |
• | Twenty (20) full-genome DENV sequences from Saudi Arabia were generated and analyzed. |
• | Identified lineages include DENV-1 genotype IIIA, DENV-2 genotype IIA.2, and DENV-3 genotype IIIB.3.1. |
• | Multiple independent introductions traced to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa. |
• | Evidence of sustained local transmission and cryptic circulation over several years. |
• | Saudi Arabia acts as both entry hub and source of DENV spread, highlighting need for stronger genomic surveillance. |
Keywords : Dengue virus, Serotyping, Genomic surveillance, Phylogeography, Saudi Arabia
Plan
| All contributing authors and laboratories are duly acknowledged in the Acknowledgments section. |
Vol 91 - N° 3
Article 106608- septembre 2025 Retour au numéro
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