Dysbiosis exists in both the small intestinal mucosa, as well as the fecal microbiome of patients with celiac disease. However, no clear signal has been associated with every patient with celiac disease. Rather, the intestinal microbiome of each patient with celiac disease differs from the controls. Clinical trials with probiotics have not demonstrated any consistent reversals of intestinal pathology, but they have shown promising results with amelioration of symptoms. It is unlikely that intestinal dysbiosis plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Instead, it may play an aggravating role in either the pathogenesis or healing.