In current medical practice, patients undergoing treatment for depression typically must wait four to six weeks before clinicians can assess their response to medication, due to the delayed onset of noticeable effects from antidepressants. Identifying treatment response at an earlier stage is of great importance, as it can reduce both the emotional and economic burden associated with prolonged treatment. We present a novel Motif Discovery Framework (MDF) that extracts dynamic features from EEG time series data to distinguish between treatment responders and non-responders in depression. Our findings show that MDF can predict treatment response with high precision as early as the 7th day of treatment, significantly reducing the waiting time for patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MDF generalizes well to classification tasks in other psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia. Overall, our experiments show that MDF outperforms relevant benchmarks. The high precision of our classification framework underscores the potential of EEG dynamic properties-represented as motifs-to support clinical decision-making and ultimately enhance patient quality of life.