Class-level aggregation obscures clinically relevant heterogeneity in anti-amyloid antibody trials: comments on a Cochrane review by individual members of the EADC - 06/05/26

Kristian Steen Frederiksen ^{1, 2, ⁎} , Mercè Boada ^{3, 4}, Lutz Frölich ⁵, Milica Kramberger ^{6, 7}, Nikolaos Scarmeas ^{8, 9}, Everard Vijverberg ¹⁰, Pieter Jelle Visser ¹¹, Gunhild Waldemar ^{1, 2}, Eric Westman ^{12, 13}, Henrik Zetterberg ^{14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}, Sebastiaan Engelborghs ^21, ⁎

  These authors contributed equally to the manuscript

, Frank Jessen ^{22, 23, 24,} ⁎

  These authors contributed equally to the manuscript

¹ Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 

² Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

³ Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona – Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 

⁴ Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain 

⁵ Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany 

⁶ Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 

⁷ Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 

⁸ 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School GR, Athens, Greece 

⁹ Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 

¹⁰ Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands 

¹¹ Univ Hospital of Maastricht, Dept of Neuropsychiatry and Old Age Psychiatry 

¹² Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 

¹³ Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Dept of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 

¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 

¹⁵ Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden 

¹⁶ UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK 

¹⁷ Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK 

¹⁸ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA 

¹⁹ Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 

²⁰ Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 

²¹ Department of Neurology and Bru-BRAIN, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel and NEUR Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium 

²² Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 

²³ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany 

²⁴ Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 

^# Corresponding author: Kristian S. Frederiksen, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Telephone: +4535456146 Danish Dementia Research Centre Department of Neurology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark