Class-level aggregation obscures clinically relevant heterogeneity in anti-amyloid antibody trials: comments on a Cochrane review by individual members of the EADC - 19/05/26

Kristian Steen Frederiksen ^{a, b, ⁎} , Mercè Boada ^{c, d}, Lutz Frölich ^e, Milica Kramberger ^{f, g}, Nikolaos Scarmeas ^{h, i}, Everard Vijverberg ^j, Pieter Jelle Visser ^k, Gunhild Waldemar ^{a, b}, Eric Westman ^{l, m}, Henrik Zetterberg ^{n, o, p, q, r, s, t}, Sebastiaan Engelborghs ^u, 1

  These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

, Frank Jessen ^{v, w, x,} 1

  These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

^a Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 

^b Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

^c Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona – Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 

^d Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain 

^e Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany 

^f Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 

^g Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 

^h 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School GR, Athens, Greece 

ⁱ Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 

^j Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands 

^k University Hospital of Maastricht, Department of Neuropsychiatry and Old Age Psychiatry, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands 

^l Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 

^m Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 

ⁿ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 

^o Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden 

^p UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK 

^q Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK 

^r Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA 

^s Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA 

^t Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 

^u Department of Neurology and Bru-BRAIN, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel and NEUR Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium 

^v Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 

^w German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany 

^x Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 

^⁎ Corresponding author at: Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark