Traumatic brain injury is a common cause of death worldwide, affecting mostly young people. The most feasible examination to be performed in the emergency room is computed tomography. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is becoming a significant tool in the evaluation of severe brain trauma. Diffusion-weighted imaging is an advanced MR imaging sequence that has been used to detect areas of ischemia and tumor malignancy. This article describes the recent advances in trauma based on diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings and in brain injury from head trauma based on diffusion-weighted MR imaging and diffusion tensor MR imaging findings. Current and potential clinical applications are discussed.