Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) frequently causes nosocomial outbreaks in general paediatric wards and occasionally in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Conventional infection control measures often fail to prevent the spread of RSV, and it can cause significant morbidity especially in preterm and young infants. We report our experience in preventing an outbreak on a NICU after RSV had been detected in a premature infant. The index case was a 34-day-old premature infant who presented with clinical infection and RSV was detected in a clinical specimen. There were 11 patients in the ward at the time including the index case. The RSV-positive patient was isolated, the ward closed to admissions and infection control measures were implemented. Two patients were transferred to another hospital. Palivizumab 15mg/kgi.m. was given to all patients and no further cases occurred. All subsequent RSV tests on nasal secretions were negative. Palivizumab combined with conventional infection control measures appeared to prevent the spread of RSV in this NICU. Strategies for the prevention of RSV outbreaks on NICUs all recommend the reinforcement of routine infection control measures. Recommendations concerning the use of palivizumab range from monthly prophylaxis to all infants at risk, to prophylaxis of selected cases only. Currently there are no guidelines for the use of palivizumab in NICUs or for the control of RSV outbreaks.