Immunologic messenger molecules: Cytokines, interferons, and chemokines - 11/08/11

Doi : 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.008

Scott P. Commins, MD, PhD, Larry Borish, MD ^⁎ , John W. Steinke, PhD
University of Virginia Health System, Carter Center for Immunology Research, Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Charlottesville, Va

Reprint requests: Larry Borish, MD, University of Virginia Health System, Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355.

Abstract

Cytokines and chemokines are secreted proteins involved in numerous aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and activation. A prominent feature of these molecules is their effect on the immune system with regard to cell trafficking and development of immune tissue and organs. The nature of an immune response determines which cytokines are produced and ultimately whether the response is cytotoxic, humoral, cell mediated, or allergic. For this chapter, cytokines are grouped according to those that are predominantly antigen-presenting cell or T lymphocyte derived; that mediate cytotoxic, humoral, cell mediated, and allergic immunity; or that are immunosuppressive. A discussion of chemokine function and their role in cell trafficking and disease follows.

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Key words : Cytokine, chemokine, interferon, antigen-presenting cell, T lymphocyte

Abbreviations used : ABPA, AHR, APC, APRIL, BAFF, DC, Foxp3, gp130, ICAM, IFNGR, IL-1ra, IL-2R, IL-4R, IL-5R, IL-6R, IL-10R, IL-12R, IL-13R, IL-17R, IL-20R, IL-22R, IRS, iTreg, JAK, MAPK, MCP, M-CSF, MIP, NK, nTreg, ROR, SCF, STAT, TACI, T-bet, Treg, TSLP, VCAM

Plan

Cytokine production by antigen-presenting cells

TNF

IL-1

IL-6

IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23

B-cell activation factor from the TNF family and a proliferation-inducing ligand

Mast cell proliferation and activation

Other T_H2 cell–derived cytokines involved in allergic inflammation: IL-9, IL-25, and IL-31

Anti-inflammatory cytokines

TGF-β

IL-10 family

Other members of the IL-10 family: IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28, and IL-29

IL-35

T_H lymphocyte families

T_H1, T_H2, and T_H17 lymphocytes

Cytokines involved in T_H1 differentiation

Cytokines involved in T_H2 differentiation: IL-4, IL-19, IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin

T_H17 lymphocytes

Treg lymphocyte families: Natural Treg, induced Treg, and T_H3 cells

Signal transduction by cytokine receptors

Chemokines

Classification

Receptors and signal transduction

Chemokine function

Clinical relevance

Conclusions

	Supported by National Institutes of Health grant R01 AI-057438 and AI-50989 (L.B. and J.W.S.), and by an American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology/GlaxoSmithKline career development award and T32 AI-007496-14 (S.P.C.).
	Disclosure of potential conflict S. P. Commins has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline. L. Borish has received research support from Merck and Genentech. J. W. Steinke has received research support from the National Institutes of Health.