The frequency of use of the automatic implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) has increased more that 100-fold since it was first approved about 15 years ago. This increase can be attributed to several factors, including the documentation of the reduction of mortality rate with ICD use in high-risk populations3 The Antiarrhythmic Versus Implantable Defibrillator (AVID) Investigators: A Comparison of Antiarrhythmic-drug Therapy with Implantable Defibrillators in Patients Resuscitated from Near-fatal Ventricular Arrhythmias N Engl J Med 1997 ; 337 : 1576
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 67 Moss A., Hall J., Cannom D. , et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk of ventricular arrhythmias N Engl J Med 1996 ; 335 : 1933 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références; the simplification of the implantation process, which allows greater dissemination of this technology with lower perioperative morbidity and mortality57 Kleman J.M., Castle L.W., Kidwell G.A. , et al. Nonthoracotomy- versus thoracotomy-implantable defibrillators: Intention-to-treat comparison of clinical outcomes Circulation 1994 ; 90 : 2833
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 89 Saksena S. The PCD Investigators. Defibrillation thresholds and perioperative mortality associated with endocardial and epicardial defibrillation lead systems PACE 1993 ; 16 : 202 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 128 Zipes D.P., Roberts D. Results of the international study of the implantable pacemaker cardioverter-defibrillator: A comparison of epicardial and endocardial lead systems Circulation 1995 ; 92 : 59
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références; and the high arrhythmia recurrence rates and lack of mortality-rate reductions with trials of antiarrhythmic drugs.20 The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression trial (CAST) Investigators: Preliminary report: Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 1989 ; 321 : 406
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 40 Gold M.R., Peters R.W., Johnson J.W. , et al. Complications associated with pectoral implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators PACE 1997 ; 20 : 208 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 65 Mason J.W. A comparison of electrophysiologic testing with holter monitoring to predict antiarrhythmic-drug efficacy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias N Engl J Med 1993 ; 329 : 445 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 100 Singh S., Fletcher R., Fisher S. , et al. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia N Engl J Med 1995 ; 333 : 77 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 115 Torp-Pedersen C., Moller M., Block-Thomsen P.E. , et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction N Engl J Med 1999 ; 341 : 857 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 122 Waldo A.L., Camm A.J., deRuyter H. , et al. Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction Lancet 1996 ; 348 : 7 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références The explosive growth of the ICD likely will continue, with further broadening of the indications for implantation as well as continued engineering advances. The purpose of this article is to summarize the clinical use of ICDs and to describe further advances under evaluation.
At present, initial ICD implantations are performed almost exclusively with transvenous lead systems and active pectoral pulse generators. The use of nonthoracotomy lead systems, including transvenous configurations, was a major advance in ICD technology because it simplifies the surgical procedure and reduces the perioperative morbidity and mortality rates, duration of hospitalization, and costs, compared with epicardial lead systems.57 Kleman J.M., Castle L.W., Kidwell G.A. , et al. Nonthoracotomy- versus thoracotomy-implantable defibrillators: Intention-to-treat comparison of clinical outcomes Circulation 1994 ; 90 : 2833
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 75 Ong J.L.C., Hsu P.C., Lin L. , et al. Arrhythmias after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: comparison of epicardial and transvenous systems Am J Cardiol 1995 ; 75 : 137
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 89 Saksena S. The PCD Investigators. Defibrillation thresholds and perioperative mortality associated with endocardial and epicardial defibrillation lead systems PACE 1993 ; 16 : 202 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 118 Venditti F.J., O'Connell M., Martin D.T. , et al. Transvenous cardioverter defibrillators: cost implications of a less invasive approach PACE 1995 ; 18 : 711
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 125 Williamson B.D., Man K.C., Niebauer M. , et al. The economic impact of transvenous defibrillation lead systems PACE 1994 ; 17 : 2297
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 128 Zipes D.P., Roberts D. Results of the international study of the implantable pacemaker cardioverter-defibrillator: A comparison of epicardial and endocardial lead systems Circulation 1995 ; 92 : 59
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références Without the need for a thoracotomy, ICD implantation can be performed safely by electrophysiologists, often without the use of an operating room.27 Fitzpatrick A.P., Lesh M.D., Epstein L.M. , et al. Electrophysiological laboratory, electrophysiologist-implanted, nonthoracotomy-implantable cardioverter/defibrillators Circulation 1994 ; 89 : 2503
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 104 Strickberger S.A., Hummel J.D., Daoud E. , et al. Implantation by electrophysiologists of 100 consecutive cardioverter defibrillators with nonthoracotomy lead systems Circulation 1994 ; 90 : 868
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 108 Strickberger S.A., Niebauer M., Man K.C. , et al. Comparison of implantation of nonthoracotomy defibrillators in the operating room versus the electrophysiology laboratory Am J Cardiol 1995 ; 75 : 225
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 116 Tung R.T., Bajaj A.K. Safety of implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator without general anesthesia in an electrophysiology laboratory Am J Cardiol 1995 ; 75 : 908 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références In addition, pectoral placement of pulse generators simplifies the implantation procedure,5 Bardy G.H., Johnson G., Poole J.E. , et al. A simplified, single-lead unipolar transvenous cardioversion-defibrillation system Circulation 1993 ; 88 : 543
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 77 Pacifico A., Wheelan K.R., Nasir N. , et al. Long-term follow-up of cardioverter-defibrillator implanted under conscious sedation in the prepectoral subfascial position Circulation 1997 ; 95 : 946
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 103 Stanton M.S., Hayes D.L., Munger T.M. , et al. Consistent subcutaneous prepectoral implantation of a new implantable cardioverter defibrillator Mayo Clin Proc 1994 ; 69 : 309
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références further reducing morbidity rates and costs associated with the implantation.34 Gold M.R., Froman D., Kavesh N.G. , et al. A comparison of pectoral and abdominal transvenous defibrillator implantation: analysis of costs and outcomes Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 1998 ; 2 : 345 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 40 Gold M.R., Peters R.W., Johnson J.W. , et al. Complications associated with pectoral implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators PACE 1997 ; 20 : 208 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références
More recently, dual-chamber ICD systems have been developed that allow for atrioventricular (AV) sequential pacing to optimize hemodynamic function, as well as for atrial sensing to aid in the discrimination of tachyarrhythmias. The classification of these systems as dual-chamber ICDs is somewhat of a misnomer. These devices are capable of pacing and sensing in the right atrium and ventricle; however, cardioversion and defibrillation are restricted to the ventricle. True dual-chamber shocking ICDs now have been developed that allow for both the diagnosis and the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Although controlled clinical trials demonstrating the superiority of dual-chamber ICDs for any objective outcome are lacking, these devices are rapidly gaining acceptance and likely will be more commonly implanted than single-chamber systems in the near future.46 Higgins S.L., Williams S.K., Pak J.P. , et al. Indications for implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker combined with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator Am J Cardiol 1998 ; 81 : 1360 [cross-ref]
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© 2000
W. B. Saunders Company. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1998