ARTHROPOD VACCINES - 08/09/11

Doi : 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70051-9

Rogan Lee, BVSc, MSc, PhD ^{^{*
Department of Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia}}, Joan P. Opdebeeck, MVB, PhD, DVSc ^{^{*
Department of Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia}}

Résumé

Arthropods are highly successful and occupy 80% of the known species in the animal kingdom. Many species of arthropods compete for human food sources, either as pests or parasites, and are vectors for any array of parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens. TickGuard Plus (Hoechst Roussel Vet Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Austr.) in Australia and Gavac (Herber Biotel, S.A., Havana, Cuba) in South America are the only commercial vaccines available that are used to immunize against a parasitic arthropod in cattle. These vaccines are formulated with an antigen derived from the midgut of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The approach taken to develop these tick vaccines is described and the concepts formed from these studies are used to discuss the future potential of producing vaccines in other host-arthropod systems. A comprehensive overview of immunologic control of ticks can be obtained by reading a series of reviews by Tellam et al,^{95 Tellam R.L., Smith D., Kemp D.H. , et al. Vaccination against ticks Animal Parasite Control Utilizing Biotechnology London: CRC Press (1992).
303

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Sonenshine,^{89 Sonenshine D.E. Acquired immunity to ticks New York: Oxford University Press (1993).
93

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Opdebeeck,^{63 Opdebeeck J.P. Vaccines against blood-sucking arthropods Vet Parasitol 1994 ; 54 : 205

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Allen,^{6 Allen J.R. Host resistance to ectoparasites Rev Sci Tech 1994 ; 13 : 1287

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Wikel,^{106 Wikel S.K. Host immunity to ticks Annu Rev Entomol 1996 ; 41 : 1 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Wikel et al,^{110 Wikel S.K., Bergman D.K., Ramachandra R.N. Immunological-based control of blood-feeding arthropods The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropods Relationship Wallingford: CAB International (1996).
290

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Willadsen and Billingsley,^{113 Willadsen P., Billingsley P.F. Immune intervention against blood-feeding insects Biology of the Insect Midgut London: Chapman and Hall (1996).
323

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} and Willadsen.^{112 Willadsen P. Novel vaccine for ectoparasites Vet Parasitol 1997 ; 71 : 209

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références}

Much research on immunologic responses to ticks has been focused on the cattle tick, B. microplus, because this tick causes enormous losses to the livestock industry, estimated at $100 million in Australia^{18 Cobon G.S., Willadsen P. Vaccines to prevent cattle tick infestations New Generation Vaccines New York: Marcel Dekker (1990).
901

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} and $1 billion in Brazil^{76 Rodriguez M., Massard C.L., da Fonseca A.H. , et al. Effect of vaccination with a recombinant Bm86 antigen preparation on natural infestations of Boophilus microplus in grazing dairy and beef pure and cross-bred cattle in Brazil Vaccine 1995 ; 13 : 1804

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} per annum. Ticks, in particular B. microplus, have developed broad resistance to acaricides^{60 Nolan J. Acaricide resistance in single and multi-host ticks and strategies for control Parassitologia 1990 ; 32 : 145

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} and residual chemicals in meat and animal byproducts are no longer tolerated by the consumer.^{47 Kunz S.E., Kemp D.H. Insecticides and acaricides: Resistance and environmental impact Rev Sci Tech 1994 ; 13 : 1249

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Computer models have been designed to optimize the use of acaricides to achieve integrated control of ticks.^{61 Norton G.A., Sutherst R.W., Maywald G.F. A framework for integrating control methods against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus in Australia J Appl Ecol 1983 ; 20 : 489 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} The more recent models determine strategies to control the cattle ticks by vaccination^{22 Floyd R.B., Sutherst R.W., Hungerford J. Modelling the field efficacy of a genetically engineered vaccines against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus Int J Parasitol 1995 ; 25 : 285

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 48 Labarta V., Rodriguez M., Penichet M. , et al. Simulation of control strategies for the cattle tick Boophilus microplus employing vaccination with a recombinant Bm86 antigen preparation Vet Parasitol 1996 ; 63 : 131

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} and future models could incorporate multiple methods of ecologic control of the tick aimed at both the free living and the parasitic stages.^{84 Schmidtmann E.T. Ecology based strategies for controlling ticks Ecological Dynamics of Tick-borne Zoonoses New York: Oxford University Press (1994).
240

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} This multiple approach to biologic control should reduce tick numbers without the unwanted side effects that occur with chemical control.