STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF STREPTOCOCCAL AND STAPHYLOCOCCAL SUPERANTIGENS IN SEPTIC SHOCK - 08/09/11

Doi : 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70081-7

Jason Bannan, PhD ^a, Kumar Visvanathan, MD,PhD ^b, John B. Zabriskie, MD ^b

^a Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

^b Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York

Résumé

The pyrogenic exotoxins of group A streptococci (SPEs) and the enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus (SEs) constitute a family of structurally related toxins that also share similar biologic activities.^{26 Hynes W.L., Weeks C.R., Iandolo J.J. , et al. Immunologic cross-reactivity of type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) and staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C1 Infect Immun 1987 ; 55 : 837-840

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 30 Johnson L.P., L'Italien J.J., Schlievert P.M. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type A (scarlet fever toxin) is related to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B Mol Gen Genet 1986 ; 203 : 354-356 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} They stimulate CD4, CD8, and γδ⁺ T cells by a unique mechanism. These toxins share the ability to bind the β chain variable region (Vβ) elements on the lateral face of the T cell receptor (TCR) and simultaneously bind to the lateral face of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of antigen-presenting cells (Figure 1), causing an aberrant proliferation of specific T cell subsets.^{13 Choi Y., Kotzin B., Herron L. , et al. Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus toxin superantigens with human T cells Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 ; 86 : 8941 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 15 Fleischer B., Schrezenmeier H. T cell stimulation by staphylococcal enterotoxins. Clonally variable response and requirement for major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on accessory or target cells J Exp Med 1988 ; 167 : 1697

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 28 Janeway C.A.J., Yagi J., Conrad P.J. , et al. T-cell responses to Mls and to bacterial proteins that mimic its behavior Immunol Rev 1989 ; 107 : 61

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} These toxins have been labeled as superantigens,^{68 White J., Herman A., Pullen A.M. , et al. The V beta-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice Cell 1989 ; 56 : 27-35 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} because they do not interact with the MHC and TCR molecules in the manner of conventional antigens.^{31 Kappler J., Kotzin B.L., Herron L. , et al. Vβ-specific stimulation of human T-cells by staphylococcal toxins Science 1989 ; 248 : 705

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 39 Marrack P., Blackman M., Kushnir E. , et al. The toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in mice is mediated by T cells J Exp Med 1990 ; 171 : 455 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Superantigens have evolved independently over time from different genetic backgrounds, yet share common structural and functional elements.

These bacterial toxins cause a variety of syndromes in humans. The SEs have been implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning^{57 Spero L., Morlock B.A. Biological activities of the peptides of staphylococcal enterotoxin C formed by limited tryptic hydrolysis J Biol Chem 1978 ; 253 : 8787-8791

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} and toxic shock–like syndromes.^{5 Bergdoll M.S. The staphylococcal enterotoxins—An update The Staphylococci New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag (1985).

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} The gene sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of at least seven staphylococcal enterotoxins are known: SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, and SEH.^{40 Marrack P., Kappler J. The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives Science 1990 ; 248 : 705-711

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 49 Ren K., Bannan J.D., Pancholi V. , et al. Characterization and biological properties of a new staphylococcal exotoxin J Exp Med 1994 ; 180 : 1675-1683 [cross-ref]

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The SPEs have been implicated in causing the symptoms of scarlet fever and toxic shock–like syndrome.^{23 Hauser A.R., Stevens D.L., Kaplan E.L. , et al. Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock–like syndrome J Clin Microbiol 1991 ; 29 : 1562-1567

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 44 Musser J.M., Hauser A.R., Kim M.H. , et al. Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: Clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 1991 ; 88 : 2668-2672 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 60 Stevens D.L., Tanner M.H., Winship J. , et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A N Engl J Med 1989 ; 321 : 1-7 [cross-ref]

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} The sequences of three members of this family are known: SPEA, SPEC, and streptococcal superantigen (SSA).^{17 Goshorn S.C., Schlievert P.M. Nucleotide sequence of streptococcal exotoxin type C Infect Immun 1988 ; 56 : 2518-2520

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 48 Reda K.B., Kapur V., Mollick J.A. , et al. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic distribution of the streptococcal superantigen gene (ssa) from Streptococcus pyogenes Infect Immun 1994 ; 62 : 1867-1874

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 66 Weeks C.R., Ferretti J.J. Nucleotide sequence of the type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) gene from Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage T12 Infect Immun 1986 ; 52 : 144-150

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Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) from S. aureus shares similar biologic activity with the SEs and SPEs; however, amino acid sequences of this toxin are significantly different from the latter two classes of toxins.^{9 Blomster-Hautama D.A., Kreiswirth B.N., Kornblum J.S. , et al. The nucleotide and partial amino acid sequence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 J Biol Chem 1986 ; 261 : 15783-15786

Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références} Structural analysis suggests that, despite the differences in amino acid composition, the overall topology of TSST-1 and the SE/SPE family of toxins is similar.^{1 Acharya K.R., Passalacqua E.F., Jones E.Y. , et al. Structural basis of superantigen action inferred from crystal structure of toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 Nature 1994 ; 367 : 94-97 [cross-ref]

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